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--- instructional_design:problem-based_learning [2011/04/20 15:26]
jpetrovic [What is problem-based learning?]
+++ instructional_design:problem-based_learning [2011/04/21 09:58]
jpetrovic [Bibliography]
@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
   * Problem-based learning is a **learner-oriented approach**. "//Under the guidance of a tutor... the students must take **responsibility for their own learning**, identifying what they need to know to better understand and manage the problem on which they are working and determining where they will get that information...//"(([[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/tl.37219966804/pdf|Barrows, Howard S. Problem‐based learning in medicine and beyond: A brief overview. New Directions for Teaching and Learning 1996, no. 68: 3-12. December 1, 1996.]]))
-  * Learning occurs in **small groups** with usually less than ten members and collaboration with other learners is necessary.
+  * Learning occurs in **small groups** with usually 5-8 members and collaboration with other learners is necessary.
   * Teacher has the role of a facilitator. Not by correcting students or providing them knowledge and guidance but by **asking questions** that the learners should be asking themselves in order to better understand the subject and by encouraging them to **apply their knowledge**.
   * New (possibly interdisciplinary) information is acquired through **self-directed learning** and has to be applied on the problem.
   * The **problem** learners are dealing with must be similar to **real-world** problems, **motivating** and **ill-defined** to enable multiple hypotheses to be constructed.
-A possible **flow** of a problem-based learning course includes the following tasks from the students:
+A possible **flow** of a problem-based learning course expects the following tasks from the students:
-  * be **presented with a problem**
+  * be **presented with a problem** with characteristics described above,
-  * **discuss**, clarify the problem and develop a plan for further working on the problem
+  * **discuss**, clarify the problem (activate prior knowledge(([[http://www.cogtech.usc.edu/publications/hmelo_ep07.pdf|Hmelo-Silver, C. E, R. G Duncan, and C. A Chinn. "Scaffolding and achievement in problem-based and inquiry learning: A response to Kirschner, Sweller, and Clark. 2006]]))) and develop a plan for further working on the problem,
-  * **work on the problem independently**
+  * **work on the problem independently** and learn through self-discovery,
-  * **share and discuss** their individual approaches and work together
+  * **share and discuss** their individual approaches and work together,
-  * **present their solutions**
+  * **present their solutions** to the problem, and
-  * **review** what they have learned
+  * **review** what they have learned.
 Problem-based learning can be a helpful method in the educational process, but it can also be viewed as a **total education strategy**(([[http://www.nuigalway.ie/celt/pblbook/|Barrett, Terry, Iain Mac Labhrainn, and Helen Fallon. Handbook of Enquiry and Problem-Based Learning: Irish Case Studies and International Perspectives. CELT, NUI Galway, 2006.]])).
-Different experimental results have been obtained using problem-based learning, but generally showing not much difference in declarative knowledge in students learning through problem-based design and those using classical teaching methods. Still, there is evidence that problem-based learning **supports development of reasoning skills, problem-solving skills and self-directed learning skills**((For details see: [[http://www.cogtech.usc.edu/publications/hmelo_ep07.pdf|Hmelo-Silver, C. E, R. G Duncan, and C. A Chinn. "Scaffolding and achievement in problem-based and inquiry learning: A response to Kirschner, Sweller, and Clark. 2006]])).
+Different experimental results have been obtained using problem-based learning, but generally showing not much difference in declarative knowledge in students learning through problem-based design and those using classical teaching methods. Still, there is evidence that problem-based learning **supports development of reasoning skills, problem-solving skills and self-directed learning skills**(([[http://www.cogtech.usc.edu/publications/hmelo_ep07.pdf|Hmelo-Silver, C. E, R. G Duncan, and C. A Chinn. "Scaffolding and achievement in problem-based and inquiry learning: A response to Kirschner, Sweller, and Clark. 2006]])).
 ===== What is the practical meaning problem-based learning? =====
 ===== Criticisms =====
+Problem-based learning was addressed in [[learning_paradigms:constructivism&#criticisms]] of Kirschner et al.(([[http://www.google.hr/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CBoQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fdownload%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.169.8810%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf&rct=j&q=Why%20minimal%20guidance%20during%20instruction%20does%20not%20work&ei=yvSuTaKGCoySOuetze4B&usg=AFQjCNGIE4wsl4Fg5fVtGlt3UdZOoLrP2A&cad=rja|Kirschner, P. A, J. Sweller, and R. E Clark. Why minimal guidance during instruction does not work: An analysis of the failure of constructivist, discovery, problem-based, experiential, and inquiry-based teaching. Educational psychologist 41, no. 2: 75–86. 2006.]])) These criticisms mostly refer to cognitive load imposed by **lack of guidance**, possible **frustration** caused by lack of knowing what is important, what should be learned and where these information can be obtained. It also ignores the proved positive effects of **worked examples**.
+A reply to these criticisms was written by Schmidt et al.(([[http://www.cogtech.usc.edu/publications/schmidt_etal_ep07.pdf|Schmidt, H. G, S. M.M Loyens, T. Van Gog, and F. Paas. Problem-based learning is compatible with human cognitive architecture: Commentary on Kirschner, Sweller, and Clark (2006). Educational Psychologist 42, no. 2: 91–97. 2007.]])) suggesting positive **characteristics/improvements** to problem-based learning and compatibility of it with the human cognitive structure like:
+  * activation of **prior knowledge** in the initial discussion of the group,
+  * training students in collaboration skills before a problem-based learning curriculum to decrease cognitive load,
+  * sequencing learning tasks **simple to complex**,
+  * **recommending learning materials** to students when they need help,
+  * **guiding students** when necessary to prevent them from losing too much time on irrelevant information.
+Yet most of the proves for these thesis seem not convincing enough, the positive effect of worked examples is still ignored and even though some of the above statements could improve problem-based learning, they oppose the basic assumption that problem-based learning is self-directed(([[http://www.cogtech.usc.edu/publications/sweller_kirschner_clark_reply_ep07.pdf|Sweller, J., P. A Kirschner, and R. E Clark. Why minimally guided teaching techniques do not work: A reply to commentaries. Educational Psychologist 42, no. 2: 115–121. 2007.]]))(([[http://chemeng.mcmaster.ca/pbl/PBL.HTM|McMaster University: Department of Chemical Engineering. Problem-based Learning, especially in the context of large classes.]])).
 ===== Keywords and most important names =====
+  * **Problem-based learning**, **PBL**, **discovery-learning**, **self-discovery**
 ===== Bibliography =====
@@ Line 47: / Line 61: @@
 [[http://www.pbli.org/pbl/medical_pbl.htm|Roberts, N. Problem Based Learning: Generic Problem Based Learning Essentials.]] Retrieved April 20, 2011.
+[[http://www.google.hr/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CBoQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fdownload%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.169.8810%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf&rct=j&q=Why%20minimal%20guidance%20during%20instruction%20does%20not%20work&ei=yvSuTaKGCoySOuetze4B&usg=AFQjCNGIE4wsl4Fg5fVtGlt3UdZOoLrP2A&cad=rja|Kirschner, P. A, J. Sweller, and R. E Clark. Why minimal guidance during instruction does not work: An analysis of the failure of constructivist, discovery, problem-based, experiential, and inquiry-based teaching. Educational psychologist 41, no. 2: 75–86. 2006.]]
+[[http://www.cogtech.usc.edu/publications/sweller_kirschner_clark_reply_ep07.pdf|Sweller, J., P. A Kirschner, and R. E Clark. Why minimally guided teaching techniques do not work: A reply to commentaries. Educational Psychologist 42, no. 2: 115–121. 2007.]]
+[[http://www.cogtech.usc.edu/publications/schmidt_etal_ep07.pdf|Schmidt, H. G, S. M.M Loyens, T. Van Gog, and F. Paas. Problem-based learning is compatible with human cognitive architecture: Commentary on Kirschner, Sweller, and Clark (2006). Educational Psychologist 42, no. 2: 91–97. 2007.]]
 ===== Read more =====
+[[http://books.google.hr/books?id=9FS-jgG-9YkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=problem-based+learning&hl=hr&ei=m9ivTZXbHYWhOrCg0YoJ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q&f=false|Barrett, Terry, and Sarah Moore. New Approaches to Problem-Based Learning: Revitalising Your Practice in Higher Education. Taylor & Francis, 2010.]]
+[[http://books.google.hr/books?id=QHf3uZSMBpoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=problem-based+learning&hl=hr&ei=gNivTcDLBIeEOuzKzP0I&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|Schwartz, Peter. Problem-based learning: case studies, experience and practice. Routledge, 2001.]]
+[[http://books.google.hr/books?id=WJVKsIGEE0sC&printsec=frontcover&dq=problem-based+learning&hl=hr&ei=m9ivTZXbHYWhOrCg0YoJ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEgQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q&f=false.|Savin-Baden, Maggi. A practical guide to problem-based learning online. Taylor & Francis, 2008.]]

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