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--- instructional_design:problem-based_learning [2011/04/20 17:08]
jpetrovic [What is the practical meaning problem-based learning?]
+++ instructional_design:problem-based_learning [2011/04/26 15:18]
jpetrovic [Criticisms]
@@ Line 36: / Line 36: @@
 ===== What is the practical meaning problem-based learning? =====
-Problem-based learning was addressed in [[learning_paradigms:constructivism&#criticisms]] of Kirschner et al.(([[http://www.google.hr/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CBoQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fdownload%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.169.8810%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf&rct=j&q=Why%20minimal%20guidance%20during%20instruction%20does%20not%20work&ei=yvSuTaKGCoySOuetze4B&usg=AFQjCNGIE4wsl4Fg5fVtGlt3UdZOoLrP2A&cad=rja|Kirschner, P. A, J. Sweller, and R. E Clark. Why minimal guidance during instruction does not work: An analysis of the failure of constructivist, discovery, problem-based, experiential, and inquiry-based teaching. Educational psychologist 41, no. 2: 75–86. 2006.]])) These criticisms mostly refer to cognitive load imposed by lack of guidance, possible frustration caused by lack of knowing what is important, what should be learned and where these information can be obtained. It also ignores the positive effects of worked examples.
+An example of problem-based learning from an introductory course in psychology((Example borrowed from: [[http://www.cogtech.usc.edu/publications/schmidt_etal_ep07.pdf|Schmidt, H. G, S. M.M Loyens, T. Van Gog, and F. Paas. Problem-based learning is compatible with human cognitive architecture: Commentary on Kirschner, Sweller, and Clark (2006). Educational Psychologist 42, no. 2: 91–97. 2007.]])):
-A reply to these criticisms was written by Schmidt et al.(([[http://www.cogtech.usc.edu/publications/schmidt_etal_ep07.pdf|Schmidt, H. G, S. M.M Loyens, T. Van Gog, and F. Paas. Problem-based learning is compatible with human cognitive architecture: Commentary on Kirschner, Sweller, and Clark (2006). Educational Psychologist 42, no. 2: 91–97. 2007.]]))
+^  PBL: Little Monsters  ^^^
+|**The problem**: //Coming home from work, tired and in need of a hot bath, Anita, an account manager, discovers two spiders in her tub. She shrinks back, screams, and runs away. Her heart pounds, a cold sweat is coming over her. A neighbor saves her from her difficult situation by killing the little animals using a newspaper. Explain what has happened here.//| |**PBL activities**: Activities begin with a discussion where unknown terms are clarified and students use their prior knowledge to describe processes underlying described phenomenon and develop theories. Issues that arise will be dealt with during individual learning. For example, students will learn about the nature of phobic fear, classical and operant conditioning in fear development, biological basis and evolutionary reasons for such responses, or treatment of phobic fears. Group will meet two or three times a week to discuss and see if students' understanding of the problem has deepened due to individual research. The tutor will stimulate discussion and monitor students' activity and contributions. Between group meetings individual learning and discovery takes place.|
 ===== Criticisms =====
+Problem-based learning was addressed in [[learning_paradigms:constructivism&#criticisms]] of Kirschner et al.(([[http://www.google.hr/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CBoQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fdownload%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.169.8810%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf&rct=j&q=Why%20minimal%20guidance%20during%20instruction%20does%20not%20work&ei=yvSuTaKGCoySOuetze4B&usg=AFQjCNGIE4wsl4Fg5fVtGlt3UdZOoLrP2A&cad=rja|Kirschner, P. A, J. Sweller, and R. E Clark. Why minimal guidance during instruction does not work: An analysis of the failure of constructivist, discovery, problem-based, experiential, and inquiry-based teaching. Educational psychologist 41, no. 2: 75–86. 2006.]])) These criticisms mostly refer to cognitive load imposed by **lack of guidance**, possible **frustration** caused by lack of knowing what is important, what should be learned and where these information can be obtained. It also ignores the proved positive effects of **worked examples**.
+A reply to these criticisms was written by Schmidt et al.(([[http://www.cogtech.usc.edu/publications/schmidt_etal_ep07.pdf|Schmidt, H. G, S. M.M Loyens, T. Van Gog, and F. Paas. Problem-based learning is compatible with human cognitive architecture: Commentary on Kirschner, Sweller, and Clark (2006). Educational Psychologist 42, no. 2: 91–97. 2007.]])) suggesting positive **characteristics/improvements** to problem-based learning and compatibility of it with the human cognitive structure like:
+  * activation of **prior knowledge** in the initial discussion of the group,
+  * training students in collaboration skills before a problem-based learning curriculum to decrease cognitive load,
+  * sequencing learning tasks **simple to complex**,
+  * **recommending learning materials** to students when they need help,
+  * **scaffolding and guiding students** when necessary to prevent them from losing too much time on irrelevant information.
+Yet most of the proves for these thesis seem not convincing enough, the positive effect of worked examples is still ignored and even though some of the above statements could improve problem-based learning, they oppose the **basic assumption that problem-based learning is self-directed**(([[http://www.cogtech.usc.edu/publications/sweller_kirschner_clark_reply_ep07.pdf|Sweller, J., P. A Kirschner, and R. E Clark. Why minimally guided teaching techniques do not work: A reply to commentaries. Educational Psychologist 42, no. 2: 115–121. 2007.]]))(([[http://chemeng.mcmaster.ca/pbl/PBL.HTM|McMaster University: Department of Chemical Engineering. Problem-based Learning, especially in the context of large classes.]]))(()).
 ===== Keywords and most important names =====
@@ Line 51: / Line 64: @@
 [[http://www.pbli.org/pbl/medical_pbl.htm|Roberts, N. Problem Based Learning: Generic Problem Based Learning Essentials.]] Retrieved April 20, 2011.
+[[http://www.google.hr/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CBoQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fdownload%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.169.8810%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf&rct=j&q=Why%20minimal%20guidance%20during%20instruction%20does%20not%20work&ei=yvSuTaKGCoySOuetze4B&usg=AFQjCNGIE4wsl4Fg5fVtGlt3UdZOoLrP2A&cad=rja|Kirschner, P. A, J. Sweller, and R. E Clark. Why minimal guidance during instruction does not work: An analysis of the failure of constructivist, discovery, problem-based, experiential, and inquiry-based teaching. Educational psychologist 41, no. 2: 75–86. 2006.]]
+[[http://www.cogtech.usc.edu/publications/sweller_kirschner_clark_reply_ep07.pdf|Sweller, J., P. A Kirschner, and R. E Clark. Why minimally guided teaching techniques do not work: A reply to commentaries. Educational Psychologist 42, no. 2: 115–121. 2007.]]
+[[http://www.cogtech.usc.edu/publications/schmidt_etal_ep07.pdf|Schmidt, H. G, S. M.M Loyens, T. Van Gog, and F. Paas. Problem-based learning is compatible with human cognitive architecture: Commentary on Kirschner, Sweller, and Clark (2006). Educational Psychologist 42, no. 2: 91–97. 2007.]]
 ===== Read more =====
+[[http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/ijpbl/|The Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-based Learning (IJPBL).]]
+[[http://books.google.hr/books?id=9FS-jgG-9YkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=problem-based+learning&hl=hr&ei=m9ivTZXbHYWhOrCg0YoJ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q&f=false|Barrett, Terry, and Sarah Moore. New Approaches to Problem-Based Learning: Revitalising Your Practice in Higher Education. Taylor & Francis, 2010.]]
+[[http://books.google.hr/books?id=QHf3uZSMBpoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=problem-based+learning&hl=hr&ei=gNivTcDLBIeEOuzKzP0I&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|Schwartz, Peter. Problem-based learning: case studies, experience and practice. Routledge, 2001.]]
+[[http://books.google.hr/books?id=WJVKsIGEE0sC&printsec=frontcover&dq=problem-based+learning&hl=hr&ei=m9ivTZXbHYWhOrCg0YoJ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEgQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q&f=false.|Savin-Baden, Maggi. A practical guide to problem-based learning online. Taylor & Francis, 2008.]]

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