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--- learning_paradigms:behaviorism [2011/02/18 13:10]
jpetrovic [Learning theories:]
+++ learning_paradigms:behaviorism [2011/06/28 13:43]
jpetrovic [About behaviorism]
@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 ===== About behaviorism =====
-Some of the oldest learning theories belong to the behaviorism as [[..:learning_paradigms:|learning paradigm]] and date back from the beginning of the 20th century. The key component to this paradigm are **stimulus-response** (S-R) events resulting in **observable behaviors** which can be **measured**.
+Although its roots can be tracked way back, first learning theories belong to the behaviorism as [[..:learning_paradigms:|learning paradigm]] date from the 1910s. The key component to this paradigm are **stimulus-response** (S-R) associations resulting in **observable behaviors** which can be **measured**.
-Behaviorists view **learning as a visible change in ones behavior**. Behaviorism assumes that the learner starts off as a clear state and simply responds to environmental stimuli. Those responses **can be shaped through positive and negative reinforcement** increasing or decreasing the probability of repeating the same behavior.
+[[http://edtechundergroundrevolution.blogspot.com/2010/09/behaviorism-in-practice.html|{{  :images:behaviorism.jpg?130x140|Behaviorism. Image borrowed from: edtechundergroundrevolution.blogspot.com. Click on the picture to follow the link.  }}]]
-Among below listed learning theories within behaviorist framework, connectionism presents an introduction to behaviorist learning and setting its frames. Classical and operand conditioning present true behaviorist learning perspectives, and sign learning finally forms a bridge from behaviorism to cognitivism which has replaced it in the second half of 20th century.
+Behaviorists view the mind as a "black box" and do not attempt to analyze its thought processes. They approach learning as a visible change in ones behavior which, unlike mind processes, can be measured. Behaviorism assumes that the learner starts off as a clear state and simply responds to environmental stimuli. Those responses can be shaped through positive and negative **reinforcement** (usually in form of a reward or a punishment) increasing or decreasing the probability of repeating the same behavior.
-===== Learning theories: =====
+This learning paradigm can roughly be divided in two phases: **behaviorism (1910-1930)** and **neobehaviorism (1930-1955)**. Neobehaviorism outgrew classical behaviorism by attempts to formalize the laws of behavior (sometimes in forms of mathematical equations) and beliefs that learning can also occur indirectly through observing. Neobehaviorists are sometimes considered a transitional group that shifted dominant learning perspective toward [[learning_paradigms:cognitivism]].
+===== Behaviorist learning theories: =====
+Among below listed learning theories within behaviorist framework, connectionism presents an introduction to behaviorist learning and setting its frames followed by true behaviorist learning perspectives of classical and operand conditioning.
+Sign learning appeared as first neobehaviorist theory, followed by drive reduction theory, which also incorporated idea of describing learning with intervening variables. Neobehaviorist started the transition to cognitivism and finally rejection of behaviorism as dominant learning paradigm.
   * [[learning_theories:Connectionism]] - [[http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/thorndike.htm|Edward Thorndike (1874 - 1949)]]
   * [[learning_theories:Clasicall Conditioning]] - [[http://www.ivanpavlov.com/|Ivan Pavlov (1849 - 1936)]]
-  * [[learning_theories:Operant Conditioning]] - [[http://www.bfskinner.org/BFSkinner/AboutSkinner.html|Burrhus Skinner (1904  - 1990)]]
+  * [[learning_theories:Contiguity Theory and One Trial Learning]] [[http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/guthrie.htm|Edwin Guthrie (1886 - 1959)]]
   * [[learning_theories:Sign Learning]] - [[http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/tolman.htm|Edward Tolman (1886 - 1959)]]
   * [[learning_theories:Drive Reduction Theory]] - [[http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Clark_L._Hull|Clark Hull (1884 – 1952)]]
-  * [[Discriminational Learning]] [[http://www.nap.edu/readingroom.php?book=biomems&page=kspence.html|Keneth Spence (1907 - 1967)]]
+  * [[learning_theories:Operant Conditioning]] - [[http://www.bfskinner.org/BFSkinner/AboutSkinner.html|Burrhus Skinner (1904  - 1990)]]
-  * [[learning_theories:Contiguity Theory]] ([[http://www.a2zpsychology.com/great_psychologists/edwin_r_guthrie.htm|Edwin Guthrie (1886 - 1959)]]
   * [[learning_theories:Stimulus Sampling Theory ]] [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kaye_Estes|William Estes (1919 - )]]
+Basic ideas and approximate historical introduction time for each of this theories can be found in this [[learning_paradigms:behaviorism_timeline|chronological overview]].
 ===== Criticisms =====
-Behaviorism today mostly **lost its influence** and let **cognitivism take its place** as the dominant paradigm. Critics of behaviorist learning usually argue that behaviorism:
+Behaviorism today mostly **lost its influence** and let **cognitivism take its place** as the dominant learning paradigm. Critics of behaviorist learning usually argue that behaviorism:
   * **does not explain all kinds o learning** since it ignores inner mind activities,
@@ Line 30: / Line 38: @@
 ===== Bibliography =====
-[[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/behaviorism/|Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy: Behaviorism.]]
+[[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/behaviorism/|Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy: Behaviorism.]] Retrieved February 26, 2011.
-[[http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/a/classcond.htm|Classical Conditioning - Introduction to Classical Conditioning.]]
+[[http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/a/classcond.htm|Classical Conditioning - Introduction to Classical Conditioning.]] Retrieved February 26, 2011.
 ===== Read more =====
-Turner, M. B. Philosophy and the science of behavior. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1967.
+[[http://books.google.hr/books?id=mNZ8AAAAMAAJ&q=Turner,+M.+B.+Philosophy+and+the+science+of+behavior.&dq=Turner,+M.+B.+Philosophy+and+the+science+of+behavior.&hl=hr&ei=Fq1rTb2rCoWt8APM-vzxBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA|Turner, M. B. Philosophy and the science of behavior. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1967.]]
-Skinner, B. F. About Behaviorism. Paw Prints, 2008.
+[[http://books.google.hr/books?id=j1acPwAACAAJ&dq=Skinner,+B.+F.+About+Behaviorism&hl=hr&ei=Aa1rTZK1IMao8QPp6czyBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA|Skinner, B. F. About Behaviorism. Paw Prints, 2008.]]
-Baum, William M. Understanding behaviorism: science, behavior, and culture. Wiley-Blackwell, 1994.
+[[http://books.google.hr/books?id=B2Fkuw76DxoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Baum,+William+M.+Understanding+behaviorism:+science,+behavior,+and+culture&hl=hr&ei=7KxrTavrK8iX8QOTwujxBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|Baum, William M. Understanding behaviorism: science, behavior, and culture. Wiley-Blackwell, 1994.]]

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