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--- learning_paradigms:behaviorism [2011/02/18 14:01]
jpetrovic [Behaviorist learning theories:]
+++ learning_paradigms:behaviorism [2011/07/15 09:32]
jpetrovic [About behaviorism]
@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 ===== About behaviorism =====
-Some of the oldest learning theories belong to the behaviorism as [[..:learning_paradigms:|learning paradigm]] and date back from the beginning of the 20th century. The key component to this paradigm are **stimulus-response** (S-R) events resulting in **observable behaviors** which can be **measured**.
+Behaviorism is a learning paradigm with its roots dating back to the second half of 19th century and works of [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Sechenov|Ivan Sechenov]] (1829 - 1905) and [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Bekhterev|Vladimir Bekhterev]] (1857 - 1927), and gaining a significant attention in the **first decades of the 20th century**. The most central premise of behaviorism is that, in order to make psychology a real science, it must be orientated on what is **observable** and **measurable**. In words of one of the key behaviorists [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Watson|John Watson]],
-Behaviorists view **learning as a visible change in ones behavior**. Behaviorism assumes that the learner starts off as a clear state and simply responds to environmental stimuli. Those responses **can be shaped through positive and negative reinforcement** increasing or decreasing the probability of repeating the same behavior.
+  * "//Psychology, as the behaviorist views it, is a purely objective, experimental branch of natural science which needs introspection as little as do the sciences of chemistry and physics. It is granted that the behavior of animals can be investigated without appeal to consciousness.//"(([[http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Watson/views.htm|Watson, John B. Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it. Psychological Review 20: 158-177. 1913.]]))
-This learning paradigm can roughly be divided in two phases: **behaviorism (1910 - 1930)** and **neobehaviorism (1930-1955)**. Neobehaviorism outgrew classical behaviorism by attempts to formalize the laws of behavior (sometimes in forms of mathematical equations) and beliefs that learning can also occur indirectly through observing. Neobehaviorists are sometimes considered a transitional group that shifted dominant learning perspective toward [[learning_paradigms:cognitivism]].
+[[http://edtechundergroundrevolution.blogspot.com/2010/09/behaviorism-in-practice.html|{{  :images:behaviorism.jpg?130x140|Behaviorism. Image borrowed from: edtechundergroundrevolution.blogspot.com. Click on the picture to follow the link.  }}]]
-Among below listed learning theories within behaviorist framework, connectionism presents an introduction to behaviorist learning and setting its frames. Classical and operand conditioning present true behaviorist learning perspectives, and sign learning finally forms a bridge from behaviorism to cognitivism which has replaced it in the second half of 20th century.
+Behaviorists saw the mind as a "black box" and did not attempt to analyze its inner processes like thoughts and feelings. Instead, they saw learning as a visible change in one's behavior which, unlike mind processes, can be measured. From behaviorist perspective, a learner starts off as a clear state and simply responds to environmental stimuli. Those responses can be shaped through positive and negative **reinforcement** (usually a reward for desired and a punishment for undesired behavior), increasing or decreasing the probability of repeating the same behavior. Forming **stimulus-response** (S-R) associations which result in observable behavior is for behaviorism the most significant form of learning.
-      Drive Reduction Theory
+This learning paradigm can roughly be divided in two phases:
-      Discriminational Learning
-      Contiguity Theory
-      Stimulus Sampling Theory
+  * **behaviorism** (1910 - 1930), and
+  * **neobehaviorism** (1930 - 1955).
+Neobehaviorism outgrew classical behaviorism by attempts to formalize the laws of behavior (sometimes in forms of mathematical expressions) and beliefs that learning can also occur indirectly through observing. Neobehaviorists are sometimes considered a transitional group that shifted dominant learning perspective toward [[learning_paradigms:cognitivism]].
 ===== Learning theories: =====
@@ Line 22: / Line 23: @@
   * [[learning_theories:Connectionism]] - [[http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/thorndike.htm|Edward Thorndike (1874 - 1949)]]
   * [[learning_theories:Clasicall Conditioning]] - [[http://www.ivanpavlov.com/|Ivan Pavlov (1849 - 1936)]]
-  * [[learning_theories:Contiguity Theory]] ([[http://www.a2zpsychology.com/great_psychologists/edwin_r_guthrie.htm|Edwin Guthrie (1886 - 1959)]]
+  * [[learning_theories:Contiguity Theory and One Trial Learning]] [[http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/guthrie.htm|Edwin Guthrie (1886 - 1959)]]
+  * [[learning_theories:Sign Learning]] - [[http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/tolman.htm|Edward Tolman (1886 - 1959)]]
+  * [[learning_theories:Drive Reduction Theory]] - [[http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Clark_L._Hull|Clark Hull (1884 – 1952)]]
   * [[learning_theories:Operant Conditioning]] - [[http://www.bfskinner.org/BFSkinner/AboutSkinner.html|Burrhus Skinner (1904  - 1990)]]
   * [[learning_theories:Stimulus Sampling Theory ]] [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kaye_Estes|William Estes (1919 - )]]
-===== Neobehaviorist learning theories: =====
+Among learning theories listed above, connectionism presents an introduction to behaviorist learning and setting its frames followed by true behaviorist learning perspectives of classical and operand conditioning. Sign learning appeared as first neobehaviorist theory, followed by drive reduction theory, which also incorporated idea of describing learning with intervening variables.
-  * [[learning_theories:Sign Learning]] - [[http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/tolman.htm|Edward Tolman (1886 - 1959)]]
+Basic ideas and approximate historical introduction time for each of this theories can be found in this [[learning_paradigms:behaviorism_timeline|chronological overview]].
-  * [[learning_theories:Drive Reduction Theory]] - [[http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Clark_L._Hull|Clark Hull (1884 – 1952)]]
-  * [[Discriminational Learning]] [[http://www.nap.edu/readingroom.php?book=biomems&page=kspence.html|Keneth Spence (1907 - 1967)]]
+===== Instructional design theories and models =====
+  * [[learning_theories:The Keller Plan]] - [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_S._Keller|Fred Keller (1899 - 1996)]]
+  * [[instructional_design:Programmed Instruction]] - [[http://www.bfskinner.org/BFSkinner/AboutSkinner.html|Burrhus Skinner (1904  - 1990)]]
 ===== Criticisms =====
-Behaviorism today mostly **lost its influence** and let **cognitivism take its place** as the dominant paradigm. Critics of behaviorist learning usually argue that behaviorism:
+Behaviorism today mostly **lost its influence** and let cognitivism take its place as the dominant learning paradigm. Critics of behaviorist learning usually argue that behaviorism:
   * **does not explain all kinds o learning** since it ignores inner mind activities,
   * offers a very limited view on learning since it **ignores internal factors** such as emotions or motivation,
-  * ignores fact that learning depends on learner's **inner** subjective **representation of environment and learning history**.
+  * ignores fact that learning depends on learner's inner subjective representation of environment and learning history.
 ===== Bibliography =====
-[[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/behaviorism/|Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy: Behaviorism.]]
+[[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/behaviorism/|Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy: Behaviorism.]] Retrieved February 26, 2011.
+[[http://science.jrank.org/pages/8448/Behaviorism-Neobehaviorism-1930-1955.html|Science Encyclopedia : Behaviorism - Neobehaviorism (1930–1955)]] Retrieved June 22, 2011.
+[[http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/beh.html|George Boeree. Behaviorism.]] Retrieved June 23, 2011.
-[[http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/a/classcond.htm|Classical Conditioning - Introduction to Classical Conditioning.]]
 ===== Read more =====
-Turner, M. B. Philosophy and the science of behavior. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1967.
+[[http://books.google.hr/books?id=fdJqAAAAMAAJ&dq=Reflexes%20of%20the%20brain%20inauthor%3A%22Ivan%20Mikha%C4%ADlovich%20Sechenov%22&source=gbs_similarbooks|Sechenov, Ivan Mikhaĭlovich. Reflexes of the brain. M.I.T. Press, 1965.]]
+[[http://books.google.hr/books?id=XqZEfU22934C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|Vladimir Mikhaĭlovich Bekhterev, General principles of human reflexology. Ayer Publishing, 1932.]]
-Skinner, B. F. About Behaviorism. Paw Prints, 2008.
+[[http://books.google.hr/books?id=j1acPwAACAAJ&dq=Skinner,+B.+F.+About+Behaviorism&hl=hr&ei=Aa1rTZK1IMao8QPp6czyBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA|Skinner, B. F. About Behaviorism. Paw Prints, 2008.]]
-Baum, William M. Understanding behaviorism: science, behavior, and culture. Wiley-Blackwell, 1994.
+[[http://books.google.hr/books?id=B2Fkuw76DxoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Baum,+William+M.+Understanding+behaviorism:+science,+behavior,+and+culture&hl=hr&ei=7KxrTavrK8iX8QOTwujxBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|Baum, William M. Understanding behaviorism: science, behavior, and culture. Wiley-Blackwell, 1994.]]

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