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learning_paradigms:cognitivism [2011/04/26 14:01] jpetrovic [Human memory system] |
learning_paradigms:cognitivism [2011/06/30 12:27] jpetrovic [Human memory system] |
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===== About cognitivism ===== | ===== About cognitivism ===== | ||
- | One of the first criticisms of [[learning_paradigms:behaviorism|behaviorist learning]] approach came from [[learning_theories:gestalt_psychology|gestalt psychologists]] during the first decades of the 20th century and was related to behaviorist dependencies exclusively on overt behavior. It was the [[:glossary#gestalt|gestalt]] views on learning that influenced **new approaches** extending beyond behaviorism and set the **basic principles** of what is today known as **[[:glossary#cognition|cognitive]] theories**. In the 1960s behaviorism was as a dominant [[:learning_paradigms|learning paradigm]] replaced by cognitivism. | + | One of the first criticisms of [[learning_paradigms:behaviorism|behaviorist learning]] approach came from [[learning_theories:gestalt_psychology|gestalt psychologists]] during the first decades of the 20th century and was related to behaviorist dependencies exclusively on overt behavior. It was the [[:glossary#gestalt|gestalt]] views on learning that influenced **new approaches** extending beyond behaviorism and setting the **basic principles** of what is today known as **[[:glossary#cognition|cognitive]] theories**. In the 1960s behaviorism was as a dominant [[:learning_paradigms|learning paradigm]] slowly replaced by cognitivism. |
[[:glossary#cognition|Cognitive]] approach to learning, unlike behavioral, | [[:glossary#cognition|Cognitive]] approach to learning, unlike behavioral, | ||
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* sets the **learner** as the **locus of control** and not just as a passive participant in the process of learning, | * sets the **learner** as the **locus of control** and not just as a passive participant in the process of learning, | ||
* attempts to open the "black box" of his mind and **explain** complex **cognitive processes**, | * attempts to open the "black box" of his mind and **explain** complex **cognitive processes**, | ||
- | * addresses learning with regard to **insight**, **information processing**, **memory**, **perception**, and | + | * addresses learning with regard to **insight**, **information processing**, **memory**, **perception**, |
- | * emphasizes the role of **prior knowledge** for learning outcomes. | + | * emphasizes the role of **prior knowledge** and experiences for learning outcomes, and |
+ | * sees learner as an **organized information processor**. | ||
- | Cognitivist theories emphasize the **importance of the learner**, especially his **prior knowledge and experiences** as well as his role of an **organized information processor**. | ||
+ | ===== Human memory ===== | ||
- | ===== Human memory system ===== | + | **Memory** is often defined as "//an organism's ability to store, retain, and recall information and experiences//"(([[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory|Wikipedia: Memory.]] Retrieved March 21, 2011.)). Since it has a crucial role in acquisition and retention of knowledge, it was the subject of many researches and an essential part of many cognitivist learning theories. |
- | **Memory** is often defined as "//an organism's ability to store, retain, and recall information and experiences//"(([[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory|Wikipedia: Memory.]] Retrieved March 21, 2011.)). Since it has a crutial role in acquisition and retention of knowledge, it was the subject of many researches and an essential part of many cognitivist learning theories. | + | * [[memory_models:A Brief History of Human Memory Systems|A Brief History of Human Memory Systems Research]] |
- | + | ||
- | * [[memory_models:A Brief History of Human Memory Systems]] | + | |
* [[memory_models:Human Working Memory]] | * [[memory_models:Human Working Memory]] | ||
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* [[learning_theories:Schema Theory]] - [[http://www.education.com/reference/article/anderson-richard-chase-1934-/|Richard Anderson (1934 - )]] | * [[learning_theories:Schema Theory]] - [[http://www.education.com/reference/article/anderson-richard-chase-1934-/|Richard Anderson (1934 - )]] | ||
* [[learning_theories:Script Theory]] - [[http://www.rogerschank.com/|Roger Schank]] | * [[learning_theories:Script Theory]] - [[http://www.rogerschank.com/|Roger Schank]] | ||
+ | * [[learning_theories:Dual Coding Theory]] - [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Paivio|Allan Pavio (1925 - )]] | ||
* [[learning_theories:Cognitive Load Theory]] - [[http://education.arts.unsw.edu.au/staff/john-sweller-726.html|John Sweller]] | * [[learning_theories:Cognitive Load Theory]] - [[http://education.arts.unsw.edu.au/staff/john-sweller-726.html|John Sweller]] | ||
* [[learning_theories:Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning]] - [[http://www.psych.ucsb.edu/people/faculty/mayer/index.php|Richard Mayer]] | * [[learning_theories:Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning]] - [[http://www.psych.ucsb.edu/people/faculty/mayer/index.php|Richard Mayer]] | ||
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*[[instructional_design:Concept Mapping]] - [[http://www.ihmc.us/groups/jnovak/|Joseph Novak]] | *[[instructional_design:Concept Mapping]] - [[http://www.ihmc.us/groups/jnovak/|Joseph Novak]] | ||
*[[instructional_design:Component Display Theory]] - [[http://mdavidmerrill.com/index.htm|Dave Merrill]] | *[[instructional_design:Component Display Theory]] - [[http://mdavidmerrill.com/index.htm|Dave Merrill]] | ||
- | *[[instructional_design:Component Design Theory]] - [[http://mdavidmerrill.com/index.htm|Dave Merrill]] | ||
*[[instructional_design:structural_learning|Structural Learning Theory]] - [[http://www.scandura.com/|Joseph Scandura]] | *[[instructional_design:structural_learning|Structural Learning Theory]] - [[http://www.scandura.com/|Joseph Scandura]] | ||