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learning_theories:connectionism [2011/02/28 13:13] jpetrovic [What is the practical meaning of connectivism?] |
learning_theories:connectionism [2011/02/28 14:45] jpetrovic [What is connectionism?] |
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===== What is connectionism? ===== | ===== What is connectionism? ===== | ||
- | Connectionism represents psychology's first comprehensive theory of learning((Zimmerman, Barry J., and Dale H. Schunk. Educational psychology: a century of contributions. Routledge, 2003.)). It was introduced by [[http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/pqrst/spencer_herbert.html|Herbert Spencer]], [[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/james/|William James]] and his student [[http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/thorndike.htm|Edward Thorndike]] in the very beginning of the 20th century. Connectionism was then **based on principles of associationism** which claimed that((W. Bechtel and Abrahamsen, A. Connectionism and the Mind: An Introduction to Parallel Processing in Networks. Blackwell, Cambridge, MA, 1991.)): | + | Connectionism represents psychology's first comprehensive theory of learning(([[http://books.google.hr/books?id=bqo5A2nBwHYC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|Zimmerman, Barry J., and Dale H. Schunk. Educational psychology: a century of contributions. Routledge, 2003.]])). It was introduced by [[http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/pqrst/spencer_herbert.html|Herbert Spencer]], [[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/james/|William James]] and his student [[http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/thorndike.htm|Edward Thorndike]] in the very beginning of the 20th century. Connectionism was then **based on principles of associationism** which claimed that((W. Bechtel and Abrahamsen, A. Connectionism and the Mind: An Introduction to Parallel Processing in Networks. Blackwell, Cambridge, MA, 1991.)): |
* Mental elements or ideas become associated with one another through experience | * Mental elements or ideas become associated with one another through experience | ||
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* Simple additive rules are sufficient to predict complex ideas | * Simple additive rules are sufficient to predict complex ideas | ||
- | But connectionism **expands** this **ideas of associationism** by introducing ideas like [[:glossary#distributed_representations|distributed representations]] or supervised learning(([[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.86.7504&rep=rep1&type=pdf|Medler, David A. A Brief History of Connectionism. Neural Computing Surveys, 1(2), p18-72. 1998.]])) and should not be confused with associationism. Although he is considered one of the first true connectionist, Edward Thorndike also made the move towards behaviorist ideas. | + | But connectionism **expands** this **ideas of associationism** by introducing ideas like [[:glossary#distributed_representations|distributed representations]] or supervised learning(([[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.86.7504&rep=rep1&type=pdf|Medler, David A. A Brief History of Connectionism. Neural Computing Surveys, 1(2), p18-72. 1998.]])) and should not be confused with associationism. |
[[http://historyofpsych.blogspot.com/2010/01/american-behaviorism.html|{{ images:thorndikes_cat.jpg|Thorndike's cat experiment. Image borrowed from: History of Psychology: American Behaviorism. Click on the picture to follow the link. }}]] | [[http://historyofpsych.blogspot.com/2010/01/american-behaviorism.html|{{ images:thorndikes_cat.jpg|Thorndike's cat experiment. Image borrowed from: History of Psychology: American Behaviorism. Click on the picture to follow the link. }}]] | ||
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Thorndike tried to apply this to learning **mathematics**((Thorndike, E. The Psychology of Arithmetic. New York: Macmillan. 1922.)), **spelling and reading** ((Thorndike, E. The Teacher's Word Book. New York: Teachers College. 1921.)), measurement of **intelligence** ((Thorndike, E. at al. The Measurement of Intelligence. New York: Teachers College Press. 1927.)) and adult learning ((Thorndike, E. et al. Adult Learning. New York: Macmillan. 1928. )) mostly through his laws of learning. He was one of the pioneers of **active learning**, proposing children should learn by themselves rather than being thought. | Thorndike tried to apply this to learning **mathematics**((Thorndike, E. The Psychology of Arithmetic. New York: Macmillan. 1922.)), **spelling and reading** ((Thorndike, E. The Teacher's Word Book. New York: Teachers College. 1921.)), measurement of **intelligence** ((Thorndike, E. at al. The Measurement of Intelligence. New York: Teachers College Press. 1927.)) and adult learning ((Thorndike, E. et al. Adult Learning. New York: Macmillan. 1928. )) mostly through his laws of learning. He was one of the pioneers of **active learning**, proposing children should learn by themselves rather than being thought. | ||
- | ===== Keywords and most important names ===== | ||
- | * **Connectionism**, **stimulus-response**, **S-R**, **networks of simple units**, **associationism**, **supervised learning**, **law of exercise or use or frequency**, **law of effect**, **incremental learning**, **“trial and error** | + | |
- | * [[http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/pqrst/spencer_herbert.html|Herbert Spencer]], [[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/james/|William James]], [[http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/thorndike.htm|Edward Thorndike]] | + | |
===== Criticisms ===== | ===== Criticisms ===== | ||
Thorndike tried to prove that all forms of thoughts and behaviors can be explained through S-R relations with use of repetition and reward, without need for introducing any unobservable internal states, yet this is **today** generally **considered incorrect**. This //learning through response// was later in 20th century replaced by //learning as knowledge construction//. Connectionism was in the first decades of 20th century succeeded by [[learning_paradigms:behaviorism]], but Thorndike's experiments also inspired [[learning_theories:gestalt_psychology|gestalt psychology]]. | Thorndike tried to prove that all forms of thoughts and behaviors can be explained through S-R relations with use of repetition and reward, without need for introducing any unobservable internal states, yet this is **today** generally **considered incorrect**. This //learning through response// was later in 20th century replaced by //learning as knowledge construction//. Connectionism was in the first decades of 20th century succeeded by [[learning_paradigms:behaviorism]], but Thorndike's experiments also inspired [[learning_theories:gestalt_psychology|gestalt psychology]]. | ||
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+ | |||
+ | ===== Keywords and most important names ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | * **Connectionism**, **stimulus-response**, **S-R**, **networks of simple units**, **associationism**, **supervised learning**, **law of exercise or use or frequency**, **law of effect**, **incremental learning**, **trial and error** | ||
+ | * [[http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/pqrst/spencer_herbert.html|Herbert Spencer]], [[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/james/|William James]], [[http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/thorndike.htm|Edward Thorndike]] | ||
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[[http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/thorndike.htm|Reinemeyer, E. Edward Lee Thorndike. Muskingum University. May 1999.]] | [[http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/thorndike.htm|Reinemeyer, E. Edward Lee Thorndike. Muskingum University. May 1999.]] | ||
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- | [[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.86.7504&rep=rep1&type=pdf|Medler, David A. A Brief History of Connectionism. Neural Computing Surveys, 1(2), p18-72. 1998.]] | ||
Zimmerman, Barry J. and Schunk, Dale H. Educational psychology: a century of contributions. Routledge, 2003. | Zimmerman, Barry J. and Schunk, Dale H. Educational psychology: a century of contributions. Routledge, 2003. |