learning_theories:connectionism
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learning_theories:connectionism [2011/03/02 11:04] jpetrovic [What is connectionism?] |
learning_theories:connectionism [2011/06/29 13:42] jpetrovic [General] |
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| ===== General ===== | ===== General ===== | ||
| - | Connectionism, today defined as an approach in the fields of artificial intelligence, cognitive psychology, cognitive science and philosophy of mind which **models mental** or **behavioral phenomena** with **networks of simple units**(([[http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Connectionism|wordiQ: Connectionism - Definition]])), is not a theory in frames of [[learning_paradigms:behaviorism]], it **preceded** and **influenced behaviorist school**. Although it is today used in different contexts (mostly referring to neural networks and artificial neural networks that have not emerged until second half of the 20th century) it has origins dating as far back as Greek philosopher Aristotele, who claimed that memory is composed of simple elements connected in a variety of ways(([[http://books.google.hr/books?id=u6j6HTS-rVQC&pg=PA47&dq=J.+A.+Anderson,+A.+Pellionisz+and+Rosenfeld,+E.+Neurocomputing+2&hl=hr&ei=G6drTezgJMO58gPTv-nyBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|J. A. Anderson, A. Pellionisz and Rosenfeld, E. Neurocomputing 2. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1990.]])). | + | Connectionism, today defined as an approach in the fields of artificial intelligence, cognitive psychology, cognitive science and philosophy of mind which models mental or behavioral phenomena with networks of simple units(([[http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Connectionism|wordiQ: Connectionism - Definition]])), is not a theory in frames of [[learning_paradigms:behaviorism]], but it **preceded** and **influenced behaviorist school**. Connectionism represents psychology's first comprehensive theory of learning(([[http://books.google.hr/books?id=bqo5A2nBwHYC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|Zimmerman, Barry J., and Dale H. Schunk. Educational psychology: a century of contributions. Routledge, 2003.]])). It was introduced by [[http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/pqrst/spencer_herbert.html|Herbert Spencer]], [[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/james/|William James]] and his student [[http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/thorndike.htm|Edward Thorndike]] in the very beginning of the 20th century although its roots date way back. |
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| ===== What is connectionism? ===== | ===== What is connectionism? ===== | ||
| - | Connectionism represents psychology's first comprehensive theory of learning(([[http://books.google.hr/books?id=bqo5A2nBwHYC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|Zimmerman, Barry J., and Dale H. Schunk. Educational psychology: a century of contributions. Routledge, 2003.]])). It was introduced by [[http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/pqrst/spencer_herbert.html|Herbert Spencer]], [[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/james/|William James]] and his student [[http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/thorndike.htm|Edward Thorndike]] in the very beginning of the 20th century. Connectionism was then **based on principles of associationism** which claimed that(([[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.86.7504&rep=rep1&type=pdf|Medler, David A. A Brief History of Connectionism. Neural Computing Surveys, 1(2), p18-72. 1998.]]))(([[http://books.google.hr/books?id=wFqlQgAACAAJ&dq=Connectionism+and+the+Mind:+An+Introduction+to+Parallel+Processing+in+Networks&hl=hr&ei=kKdrTdv3C5Sq8QPzs8W_BQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA|W. Bechtel and Abrahamsen, A. Connectionism and the Mind: An Introduction to Parallel Processing in Networks. Blackwell, Cambridge, MA, 1991.]])): | + | Connectionism was then **based on principles of associationism** which claimed that(([[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.86.7504&rep=rep1&type=pdf|Medler, David A. A Brief History of Connectionism. Neural Computing Surveys, 1(2), p18-72. 1998.]]))(([[http://books.google.hr/books?id=wFqlQgAACAAJ&dq=Connectionism+and+the+Mind:+An+Introduction+to+Parallel+Processing+in+Networks&hl=hr&ei=kKdrTdv3C5Sq8QPzs8W_BQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA|W. Bechtel and Abrahamsen, A. Connectionism and the Mind: An Introduction to Parallel Processing in Networks. Blackwell, Cambridge, MA, 1991.]])): |
| * //Mental elements or ideas become associated with one another through experience// | * //Mental elements or ideas become associated with one another through experience// | ||
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| * **//Law of exercise//** (also referred to //as law of use// or //law of frequency//), which states that **stimulus-response** (S-R) **associations** are **strengthened through repetition** or weakened through lack of repetition. | * **//Law of exercise//** (also referred to //as law of use// or //law of frequency//), which states that **stimulus-response** (S-R) **associations** are **strengthened through repetition** or weakened through lack of repetition. | ||
| - | * **//law of effect//** which states that the consequence or **outcome** of a situation-response event **can strengthen or weaken** the **connection** between situation and response. If an event is followed by a reinforcing stimulus, the connection will be strengthened and vice versa. | + | * **//Law of effect//** which states that the consequence or **outcome** of a situation-response event **can strengthen or weaken** the **connection** between situation and response. If an event is followed by a reinforcing stimulus, the connection will be strengthened and vice versa. |
| * **//Law of readiness//** which claims learning is facilitated by learner's readiness (emotional and motivational) to learn. This potential to learn leads to frustration if not satisfied. | * **//Law of readiness//** which claims learning is facilitated by learner's readiness (emotional and motivational) to learn. This potential to learn leads to frustration if not satisfied. | ||
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| [[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.86.7504&rep=rep1&type=pdf|Medler, David A. A Brief History of Connectionism. Neural Computing Surveys, 1(2), p18-72. 1998.]] | [[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.86.7504&rep=rep1&type=pdf|Medler, David A. A Brief History of Connectionism. Neural Computing Surveys, 1(2), p18-72. 1998.]] | ||
| - | [[http://tip.psychology.org/thorn.html|TIP: Connectionism (E. Thorndike).]] | + | [[http://tip.psychology.org/thorn.html|TIP: Connectionism (E. Thorndike).]] Retrieved February 2, 2011. |
| [[http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/thorndike.htm|Reinemeyer, E. Edward Lee Thorndike. Muskingum University. May 1999.]] | [[http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/thorndike.htm|Reinemeyer, E. Edward Lee Thorndike. Muskingum University. May 1999.]] | ||
| - | Zimmerman, Barry J. and Schunk, Dale H. Educational psychology: a century of contributions. Routledge, 2003. | + | [[http://books.google.hr/books?id=bqo5A2nBwHYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Educational+psychology:+a+century+of+contributions&hl=hr&ei=PdSeTfApztvjBpyHtYcD&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|Zimmerman, Barry J. and Schunk, Dale H. Educational psychology: a century of contributions. Routledge, 2003.]] |
| ===== Read more ===== | ===== Read more ===== | ||
learning_theories/connectionism.txt · Last modified: 2023/06/19 18:03 (external edit)
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