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According to Tolman, learning occurs as learners **following signs** (stimuli) **to a goal**. Learning was about finding a way and **meanings instead of reproducing behaviors**. Organisms learn behavior route and relations rather than behavior patterns. There is no need for reinforcement when speaking about learning since the behavior is driven by a meaning. | According to Tolman, learning occurs as learners **following signs** (stimuli) **to a goal**. Learning was about finding a way and **meanings instead of reproducing behaviors**. Organisms learn behavior route and relations rather than behavior patterns. There is no need for reinforcement when speaking about learning since the behavior is driven by a meaning. | ||
- | In the end Tolman, influenced by Guthrie, Freud and reinforcement theorists, concluded there are **six forms of learning**, each with its own characteristics:(([[http://fac.hsu.edu/ahmada/3%20Courses/2%20Learning/Learning%20Notes/9%20Tolman.pdf|Ahmad, Aneeq. Principles of Learning. Chapter 12: Edward C. Tolman.]] Retrieved August 24, 2011.))(([[http://books.google.hr/books?id=QTwOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA142&lpg=PA142&dq=Sign+Learning++Field+Cognition+Modes&source=bl&ots=yEGFOzBqbm&sig=bwNS5ZInKDEPBNGBw3ek0mXHp0g&hl=hr&ei=EwF1TaC8NdOzhAe_5YlO&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Sign%20Learning%20%20Field%20Cognition%20Modes&f=false|Hill, Winfred Farrington. Learning: a survey of psychological interpretations. Taylor & Francis, 1980.]])) | + | In the end Tolman, influenced by Guthrie, Freud and reinforcement theorists, concluded there are **six forms of learning**, each with its own characteristics:(([[http://fac.hsu.edu/ahmada/3%20Courses/2%20Learning/Learning%20Notes/9%20Tolman.pdf|Ahmad, Aneeq. Principles of Learning. Chapter 12: Edward C. Tolman.]] Retrieved August 24, 2011.))(([[http://books.google.com/books?id=QTwOAAAAQAAJ|Hill, Winfred Farrington. Learning: a survey of psychological interpretations. Taylor & Francis, 1980.]])) |
* **Cathexis**((Term taken from Freud's psychoanalytic theory of motivation)) - learned tendency to **associate certain objects with certain drives**. In example, vegans tend to satisfy their hunger with non-animal products (positive cathexis), and not meat (negative cathexis). | * **Cathexis**((Term taken from Freud's psychoanalytic theory of motivation)) - learned tendency to **associate certain objects with certain drives**. In example, vegans tend to satisfy their hunger with non-animal products (positive cathexis), and not meat (negative cathexis). |