memory_models:a_brief_history_of_human_memory_systems
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memory_models:a_brief_history_of_human_memory_systems [2011/04/08 10:16] jpetrovic [Early models and measures of memory] |
memory_models:a_brief_history_of_human_memory_systems [2011/06/17 11:28] jpetrovic [A Brief History of Human Memory Systems] |
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| - | ====== A Brief History of Human Memory Systems ====== | + | ====== A Brief History of Human Memory Systems Research ====== |
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| [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory|{{ :images:multistore_model.png|The multi-store model of Atkinson and Shiffrin. Image borrowed from: Wikipedia: Memory. Click on the picture to follow the link.}}]]The first more influential two component memory model was introduced in **1968** by **[[http://www.ucop.edu/pres/atkbio.html|Richard Atkinson]]** and **[[http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/people/homepages/shiffrin.html|Richard Shiffrin]]**((Atkinson, R.C. & Shiffrin, R.M. Chapter: Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In Spence, K.W.; Spence, J.T. The psychology of learning and motivation (Volume 2). New York: Academic Press. pp. 89–195. 1968.)). Their model called //Multi-store model// consisted of long-term and working or short-term memory model and was later improved by an additional component, the **//sensory memory//**. Sensory memory contains one register for each sense and serves as an short lasting buffer-zone before the information can enter short-term memory. Short-term memory is a temporal storage for new information before it enters long-term memory, but is also used for cognitive tasks, understanding and learning. | [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory|{{ :images:multistore_model.png|The multi-store model of Atkinson and Shiffrin. Image borrowed from: Wikipedia: Memory. Click on the picture to follow the link.}}]]The first more influential two component memory model was introduced in **1968** by **[[http://www.ucop.edu/pres/atkbio.html|Richard Atkinson]]** and **[[http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/people/homepages/shiffrin.html|Richard Shiffrin]]**((Atkinson, R.C. & Shiffrin, R.M. Chapter: Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In Spence, K.W.; Spence, J.T. The psychology of learning and motivation (Volume 2). New York: Academic Press. pp. 89–195. 1968.)). Their model called //Multi-store model// consisted of long-term and working or short-term memory model and was later improved by an additional component, the **//sensory memory//**. Sensory memory contains one register for each sense and serves as an short lasting buffer-zone before the information can enter short-term memory. Short-term memory is a temporal storage for new information before it enters long-term memory, but is also used for cognitive tasks, understanding and learning. | ||
| - | The thesis of two separate memory systems: the **long-term memory** and the **short-term memory** is today considered to be true. Some of the evidence for this thesis are: | + | The thesis of two separate memory systems: the **long-term memory** and the **short-term memory** is today considered to be true. This thesis is supported by differences in(([[http://web.missouri.edu/~cowann/documents/Cowan2008progressinbrainresearchSTMLTM.pdf|Cowan, N. What are the differences between long-term, short-term, and working memory? Progress in brain research 169: 323-338. 2008.]])): |
| - | * **differences in characteristics** like retention speed (high for STM and longer for LTM), capacity (small for STM and large or unlimited for LTM), time to acquire information (short for STM and longer for LTM) | + | * **capacity** (small for STM and large or unlimited for LTM), |
| - | * **information encoding** (semantic for LTM and acoustic or visual for STM) | + | * **duration limits** (items in STM decay as a function of time, which is not a characteristic of LTM), |
| - | * patients who suffered **physical injuries** demonstrated how LTM or STM can be damaged without influencing the other | + | * **retention speed** (very high for STM and possibly lower for LTM), |
| + | * **time to acquire information** (short for STM and longer for LTM), | ||
| + | * **information encoding** (semantic for LTM and acoustic or visual for STM), and | ||
| + | * type of memory affected by physical injuries in patients((See: //Milner, B. Amnesia following operation on the temporal lobes. In C.W.M. Whitty & O. L. Zangwill (eds), Amnesia. London: Butterworth, 1966.// (damage of LTM without damaging STM), and //Shallice, T. & Warrington, E.K. Independent functioning of verbal memory stores: a neuropsychological study. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 22, 261–273. 1970.// (damaged STM with fully functioning LTM), cited by [[http://gen.lib.rus.ec/get?md5=00b2fd0fb59c5de5704bb86e70a6871a|Baddeley, Alan D. The Psychology of Memory. In Michael D. Kopelman, and Barbara A. Wilson. The Handbook of Memory Disorders. 2nd ed. Wiley, 2002.]])). | ||
| Another term should be clarified here: the [[memory_models:human_working_memory|working memory]], which is often mistaken for the short-term memory. The main difference between these two is that working memory usually includes the structure and processes performed by a system in control of the short-term memory. | Another term should be clarified here: the [[memory_models:human_working_memory|working memory]], which is often mistaken for the short-term memory. The main difference between these two is that working memory usually includes the structure and processes performed by a system in control of the short-term memory. | ||
memory_models/a_brief_history_of_human_memory_systems.txt · Last modified: 2023/06/19 18:03 (external edit)
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