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--- memory_models:human_working_memory [2011/06/10 10:26]
jpetrovic [Human working memory]
+++ memory_models:human_working_memory [2011/06/17 10:38]
jpetrovic [Human working memory]
@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
   * "//use of attention to manage short-term memory//".
-What is mostly common to them is that they address working memory as the system which manipulates information from STM, and sometimes even LTM. As this system is one of the key components in the process of knowledge acquisition, the most commonly discussed working memory models of Baddeley and Cowan will be briefly discussed here.
+What is mostly common to them is that they address working memory as the system which manipulates information from STM, (but sometimes also LTM). As this system is one of the key components in the process of knowledge acquisition, the most commonly discussed working memory models of Baddeley and Cowan will be briefly discussed here.
 === Baddeley's model of working memory ===
-**[[http://www.york.ac.uk/psychology/staff/faculty/ab50/|Alan Baddeley]]** and **[[http://www.york.ac.uk/res/wml/ghitch.html|Graham Hitch]]** proposed a multi-component working memory model in **1974**(([[http://dionysus.psych.wisc.edu/Lit/Articles/BaddeleyA1974a.pdf|Baddeley, A. D., Hitch, G. J. Working Memory. In Bower, G.A. The psychology of learning and motivation: advances in research and theory. 8. New York: Academic Press. pp. 47–89. 1974.]])). This model was very well accepted and later adjusted to new findings. In their experiments Baddeley and Hitch examined subjects' retention of series of numbers which were memorized before they had to judge simple logical statements. The results have shown that although both tasks required working memory capacity, the ability of remembering the number sequence wasn't strongly affected by judging logical statements. This led to an assumption that working memory is composed out of more than one component.
+Based on experiments demonstrating connections between LTM and STM, as well as experiments indicating that STM consists of more components, **[[http://www.york.ac.uk/psychology/staff/faculty/ab50/|Alan Baddeley]]** and **[[http://www.york.ac.uk/res/wml/ghitch.html|Graham Hitch]]** proposed a multi-component //working memory// model in **1974**(([[http://dionysus.psych.wisc.edu/Lit/Articles/BaddeleyA1974a.pdf|Baddeley, A. D., Hitch, G. J. Working Memory. In Bower, G.A. The psychology of learning and motivation: advances in research and theory. 8. New York: Academic Press. pp. 47–89. 1974.]])). The new term //working memory// was supposed to emphasize the importance of this system in cognitive processing.(([[http://gen.lib.rus.ec/get?md5=00b2fd0fb59c5de5704bb86e70a6871a|Baddeley, Alan D. The Psychology of Memory. In Michael D. Kopelman, and Barbara A. Wilson. The Handbook of Memory Disorders. 2nd ed. Wiley, 2002.]])) Baddeley and Hitch suggested working memory is composed of three parts: the **central executive**, a system that controls the **phonological loop** (a subsystem for remembering phonological information such as language by constant refreshing through repetition in the loop), and the **visuospatial sketch pad** (a subsystem for storing visual information).
-Baddeley and Hitch suggested working memory is composed of three parts: the **central executive**, a system that controls the **phonological loop** (a subsystem for remembering phonological information such as language by constant refreshing through repetition in the loop), and the **visuospatial sketch pad** (a subsystem for storing visual information).
 This model was later revised and improved by Baddeley(([[http://www.wheaton.edu/psychology/undergrad/faculty/phinney/Psy772Readings2006/Baddeley2002EurPsyc.pdf|Baddeley, A. D. Is working memory still working? American Psychologist, 11:851–64. 2001.]]))(([[http://books.google.hr/books?id=mU9lz8fu4VgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Working+Memory,+Thought,+and+Action&hl=hr&ei=XCqbTf-rO83z4Qayl5ibBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|Baddeley, A. D. Working Memory, Thought, and Action. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.]])) but also contributed by other authors((See: Coolidge, Frederick L., and Thomas Wynn. The Rise of Homo sapiens: The Evolution of Modern Thinking. Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.)), which resulted in additional component of **episodic buffer**(([[http://www.nbu.bg/cogs/events/2002/materials/Markus/ep_bufer.pdf|Baddeley, A. D. The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory? Trends in Cognitive Science, 4:417–23. 2000.]])) in year **2000** and more detailed functions and analysis of other components, as described in table below.
 {{  :memory_models:memory.jpg?610x480|A modiﬁcation of Baddeley’s working memory model extended with long-term memory components. Image borrowed from: Coolidge, Frederick L., and Thomas Wynn. The Rise of Homo sapiens: The Evolution of Modern Thinking. Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.}}
-|  **Central executive**  |It is still unclear weather it is a single system or more systems working together. Central executive's functions include **attention** and focusing, **active inhibition** of stimuli, planing and decision-making, sequencing, **updating**, **maintenance** and **integration of information from the two subsystems**. These functions also include communication with long-term memory and connections to language understanding and production centers.   |
+|  **Central executive**  |It is still unclear weather it is a single system or more systems working together. Central executive's functions include **attention** and focusing, **active inhibition** of stimuli, planing and decision-making, sequencing, **updating**, **maintenance** and **integration of information** from phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad. These functions also include communication with long-term memory and connections to language understanding and production centers.   |
 |  **Episodic buffer**  |Episodic buffer has the role of **integrating the information** from phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad, but also from long-term memory. It serves as the **storage component of central executive**, or otherwise information integration wouldn't be possible.  |
 |  **Phonological loop**  |According to Baddeley, phonological loop consists of **two components**: a sound **storage** which lasts just a few seconds and an **articulatory processor** which maintains sound information in the storage by **vocal or subvocal repetition**. Verbal information seems to be automatically processed by phonological loop and it also plays an important, maybe even key role in language learning and speech production. It can also help in memorizing information from the visuospatial sketchpad. (For example, repeating "A red car is on the lawn.")  |

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