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memory_models:human_working_memory [2011/06/17 10:50] jpetrovic [Human working memory] |
memory_models:human_working_memory [2011/07/05 17:01] jpetrovic [Human working memory] |
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Based on experiments demonstrating connections between LTM and STM, as well as experiments indicating that STM consists of more components, **[[http://www.york.ac.uk/psychology/staff/faculty/ab50/|Alan Baddeley]]** and **[[http://www.york.ac.uk/res/wml/ghitch.html|Graham Hitch]]** proposed a multi-component //working memory// model in **1974**(([[http://dionysus.psych.wisc.edu/Lit/Articles/BaddeleyA1974a.pdf|Baddeley, A. D., Hitch, G. J. Working Memory. In Bower, G.A. The psychology of learning and motivation: advances in research and theory. 8. New York: Academic Press. pp. 47–89. 1974.]])). The new term //working memory// was supposed to emphasize the importance of this system in cognitive processing.(([[http://gen.lib.rus.ec/get?md5=00b2fd0fb59c5de5704bb86e70a6871a|Baddeley, Alan D. The Psychology of Memory. In Michael D. Kopelman, and Barbara A. Wilson. The Handbook of Memory Disorders. 2nd ed. Wiley, 2002.]])) Baddeley and Hitch suggested working memory is composed of three parts: the **central executive**, a system that controls the **phonological loop** (a subsystem for remembering phonological information such as language by constant refreshing through repetition in the loop), and the **visuospatial sketch pad** (a subsystem for storing visual information). | Based on experiments demonstrating connections between LTM and STM, as well as experiments indicating that STM consists of more components, **[[http://www.york.ac.uk/psychology/staff/faculty/ab50/|Alan Baddeley]]** and **[[http://www.york.ac.uk/res/wml/ghitch.html|Graham Hitch]]** proposed a multi-component //working memory// model in **1974**(([[http://dionysus.psych.wisc.edu/Lit/Articles/BaddeleyA1974a.pdf|Baddeley, A. D., Hitch, G. J. Working Memory. In Bower, G.A. The psychology of learning and motivation: advances in research and theory. 8. New York: Academic Press. pp. 47–89. 1974.]])). The new term //working memory// was supposed to emphasize the importance of this system in cognitive processing.(([[http://gen.lib.rus.ec/get?md5=00b2fd0fb59c5de5704bb86e70a6871a|Baddeley, Alan D. The Psychology of Memory. In Michael D. Kopelman, and Barbara A. Wilson. The Handbook of Memory Disorders. 2nd ed. Wiley, 2002.]])) Baddeley and Hitch suggested working memory is composed of three parts: the **central executive**, a system that controls the **phonological loop** (a subsystem for remembering phonological information such as language by constant refreshing through repetition in the loop), and the **visuospatial sketch pad** (a subsystem for storing visual information). | ||
- | This model was later revised and improved by Baddeley(([[http://www.wheaton.edu/psychology/undergrad/faculty/phinney/Psy772Readings2006/Baddeley2002EurPsyc.pdf|Baddeley, A. D. Is working memory still working? American Psychologist, 11:851–64. 2001.]]))(([[http://books.google.hr/books?id=mU9lz8fu4VgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Working+Memory,+Thought,+and+Action&hl=hr&ei=XCqbTf-rO83z4Qayl5ibBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|Baddeley, A. D. Working Memory, Thought, and Action. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.]])) but also contributed by other authors((See: Coolidge, Frederick L., and Thomas Wynn. The Rise of Homo sapiens: The Evolution of Modern Thinking. Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.)), which resulted in additional component of **episodic buffer**(([[http://www.nbu.bg/cogs/events/2002/materials/Markus/ep_bufer.pdf|Baddeley, A. D. The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory? Trends in Cognitive Science, 4:417–23. 2000.]])) in year **2000** and more detailed functions and analysis of other components, as described in table below. | + | This model was later revised and improved by Baddeley(([[http://www.wheaton.edu/psychology/undergrad/faculty/phinney/Psy772Readings2006/Baddeley2002EurPsyc.pdf|Baddeley, A. D. Is working memory still working? American Psychologist, 11:851–64. 2001.]]))(([[http://books.google.hr/books?id=mU9lz8fu4VgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Working+Memory,+Thought,+and+Action&hl=hr&ei=XCqbTf-rO83z4Qayl5ibBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|Baddeley, A. D. Working Memory, Thought, and Action. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.]])) but also contributed by other authors((See: [[http://www.scribd.com/doc/23614478/The-Rise-of-Homo-Sapiens-The-Evolution-of-Modern-Thinking|Coolidge, Frederick L., and Thomas Wynn. The Rise of Homo sapiens: The Evolution of Modern Thinking. Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.]])), which resulted in additional component of **episodic buffer**(([[http://www.nbu.bg/cogs/events/2002/materials/Markus/ep_bufer.pdf|Baddeley, A. D. The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory? Trends in Cognitive Science, 4:417–23. 2000.]])) in year **2000** and more detailed functions and analysis of other components, as described in table below. |
- | {{ :memory_models:memory.jpg?610x480|A modification of Baddeley’s working memory model extended with long-term memory components. Image borrowed from: Coolidge, Frederick L., and Thomas Wynn. The Rise of Homo sapiens: The Evolution of Modern Thinking. Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.}} | + | |
+ | |||
+ | [[http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Baddeley%27s_Model_of_Working_Memory|{{ :images:baddeley.jpg|Schematic of Baddaley's model.}}]] | ||
| **Central executive** |It is still unclear weather it is a single system or more systems working together. Central executive's functions include **attention** and focusing, **active inhibition** of stimuli, planing and decision-making, sequencing, **updating**, **maintenance** and **integration of information** from phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad. These functions also include communication with long-term memory and connections to language understanding and production centers. | | | **Central executive** |It is still unclear weather it is a single system or more systems working together. Central executive's functions include **attention** and focusing, **active inhibition** of stimuli, planing and decision-making, sequencing, **updating**, **maintenance** and **integration of information** from phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad. These functions also include communication with long-term memory and connections to language understanding and production centers. | | ||
| **Episodic buffer** |Episodic buffer has the role of **integrating the information** from phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad, but also from long-term memory. It serves as the **storage component of central executive**, or otherwise information integration wouldn't be possible. | | | **Episodic buffer** |Episodic buffer has the role of **integrating the information** from phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad, but also from long-term memory. It serves as the **storage component of central executive**, or otherwise information integration wouldn't be possible. | | ||
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**[[http://web.missouri.edu/~cowann/|Nelson Cowan]]** proposed a different model of working memory in **1988**((Cowan, N. An embedded-processes model of working memory. In [[http://books.google.hr/books?id=3EfghR4hQKcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Models+of+working+memory:+Mechanisms+of+active+maintenance+and+executive+control&hl=hr&ei=UCabTfSCNsLP4wb49ZWDBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=true|Miyake, Akira, and Priti Shah. Models of working memory: mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control. Cambridge University Press, 1999.]])), the **//embeded-process model of working memory//**. Unlike Baddeley's model, which is concerned with modularity and components of the working memory, Cowan offered a view oriented mostly on **underlying cognitive processes** which occur when solving a task like language comprehension or production, problem-solving, decision-making and other. | **[[http://web.missouri.edu/~cowann/|Nelson Cowan]]** proposed a different model of working memory in **1988**((Cowan, N. An embedded-processes model of working memory. In [[http://books.google.hr/books?id=3EfghR4hQKcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Models+of+working+memory:+Mechanisms+of+active+maintenance+and+executive+control&hl=hr&ei=UCabTfSCNsLP4wb49ZWDBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=true|Miyake, Akira, and Priti Shah. Models of working memory: mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control. Cambridge University Press, 1999.]])), the **//embeded-process model of working memory//**. Unlike Baddeley's model, which is concerned with modularity and components of the working memory, Cowan offered a view oriented mostly on **underlying cognitive processes** which occur when solving a task like language comprehension or production, problem-solving, decision-making and other. | ||
- | {{ :images:cowan.jpg?680x400|}} Cowan's model consists of four elements: | + | [[http://books.google.hr/books?id=3EfghR4hQKcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Models+of+working+memory:+Mechanisms+of+active+maintenance+and+executive+control&hl=hr&ei=UCabTfSCNsLP4wb49ZWDBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=true|{{ :images:cowan.jpg?680x400|Image borrowed from: Cowan, N. Embeded-process model of working memory. In Miyake, Akira, and Priti Shah. Models of working memory: mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control. Cambridge University Press, 1999.}}]]Cowan's model consists of four elements: |
* **central executive** (the top rectangle in the picture), | * **central executive** (the top rectangle in the picture), | ||
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Just like in Atkinson and Shiffrin model, the ingoing information is first stored in the sensory memory. Sensory information then activates certain elements inside the long-term memory. In his model, Cowan does not address the issue of processing information of different modality like Baddeley. | Just like in Atkinson and Shiffrin model, the ingoing information is first stored in the sensory memory. Sensory information then activates certain elements inside the long-term memory. In his model, Cowan does not address the issue of processing information of different modality like Baddeley. | ||
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+ | === Extended model of working memory === | ||
+ | |||
+ | What follows is an extended working memory model with brain regions associated with each component. | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{ :memory_models:memory.jpg?610x480 | A modification of Baddeley’s working memory model extended with long-term memory components. Image borrowed from: Coolidge, Frederick L., and Thomas Wynn. The Rise of Homo sapiens: The Evolution of Modern Thinking. Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. }} | ||
+ | |||
===== Bibliography ===== | ===== Bibliography ===== | ||
- | Coolidge, Frederick L., and Thomas Wynn. The Rise of Homo sapiens: The Evolution of Modern Thinking. Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. | + | [[http://www.scribd.com/doc/23614478/The-Rise-of-Homo-Sapiens-The-Evolution-of-Modern-Thinking|Coolidge, Frederick L., and Thomas Wynn. The Rise of Homo sapiens: The Evolution of Modern Thinking. Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.]] |
[[http://books.google.hr/books?id=8CqAOacPkiQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Ged%C3%A4chtnis%22+Gruber&hl=hr&ei=4yKbTc3dHcff4wa06cTeBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|Gruber, Thomas. Gedächtnis. VS Verlag, 2010.]] | [[http://books.google.hr/books?id=8CqAOacPkiQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Ged%C3%A4chtnis%22+Gruber&hl=hr&ei=4yKbTc3dHcff4wa06cTeBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|Gruber, Thomas. Gedächtnis. VS Verlag, 2010.]] |