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-====== Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning ======
-===== General =====
-Cognitive theory of multimedia learning is one of the [[cognitivism|cognitivist learning theories]] introduced by an American psychology professor [[http://www.psych.ucsb.edu/people/faculty/mayer/index.php|Richard Meyer]] in 1990s. Basic assumption of his theory is that the **human working memory** has **two sub-components** that **work in parallel** (visual and verbal/acoustic) and that learning can be more successful if both of this channels are used for information processing at the same time.
-===== What is cognitive theory of multimedia learning? =====
-The suggestion that human working memory has more sub-components firstly came from the working memory models designed by A. Baddeley and G. Hitch in 1974. These findings where further incorporated to the [[http://tip.psychology.org/paivio.html|Dual coding theory]] by A. Paivio and later by Meyer and his colleagues.
-In his theory Mayer started building his [[images:information_channels|model]] from the assumption that the **audio and video channels in our working memory are separated** and can be used for processing information simultaneously thus enhancing process of learning (//The Modality principle//). Also, he recognizes that, as Miller's [[http://tip.psychology.org/miller.html|Information processing theory]] has shown, **these channels have limited capacity**. His third assumption is that learning is an active process of collecting, organizing and integrating new information.
-These assumptions lead to the conclusion that, taking into consideration cognitive load, **learning process can be improved** by **providing learning material** to the learner **simultaneously through both channels**. Mayer and other researchers tried to prove this concept and some of it's extended principles through experiments.
-There are several important **principles of cognitive theory of multimedia learning** identified by Meyer:
-  * **Modality principle** - applies to the idea that humans have a separated visual/pictorial and auditory/verbal channel for information processing that can work in parallel, but have limited capacity. **Using both channels can enhance more successful learning**.
-  * **Redundancy principle** - refers to the fact that **capacity of both channels can unnecessarily be overloaded by redundant information** presented through both channels thereby negatively affecting learning process.
-  * **Spatial contiguity principle** - claims that **information processing is easier when less cognitive effort is needed** in order to, in example, connect text explanation with the diagram and that can be achieved through placing text on the referred place in the diagram instead of placing all text under the diagram(([[http://onlinelearning2007.wikispaces.com/file/view/SpatialExamples.gif/30750853/SpatialExamples.gif|Example from Meyer's "Multimedia Learning"]])).
-  * **Temporal contiguity principle** - addresses the time aspects of presenting information through both channels. **Simultaneous presentation should be most similar to the way human mind operates** and has provided best experimental results, same as presenting them with very short time differences.
-  * **Coherence principle** - claims that **extraneous material** that is irrelevant but may be interesting or motivating generally **wastes learning resources**.
-  * **Individual differences principle** - emphasizes role of prior knowledge and its effects. Prior knowledge, is most useful for learning contents and also results in **different optimal instructional design for intermediate learners or beginners**.
-===== What is the practical meaning of cognitive theory of multimedia learning? =====
-Principles of the cognitive theory of multimedia learning have a rather practical application in educational theory. As stated by Mayer in his book "Media learning", meaning of the principals (in order they are introduced above) can be described as follows:
-  * "Students learning better from words and pictures than from words alone"
-  * "Students learn better from animation and narration than from animation, narration, and on-screen text"
-  * "Students learn better when corresponding words and pictures are presented near rather than far from each other on the page or screen"
-  * "Students learn better when corresponding words and pictures are presented simultaneously rather than successively"
-  * "Students learn better when extraneous material is excluded rather than included"
-  * "Design effects are stronger for low-knowledge learners than for high knowledge learners, and for high-spatial learners rather than for low-spatial learners"
-===== Keywords and most important names =====
-  * **Cognitive theory of multimedia learning**, **dual coding theory**, **visual and verbal/acoustic channel**, **modality principle**, **redundancy principle**, **spatial contiguity principle**, **temporal contiguity principle**, **coherence principle**, **individual differences principle**
-  * [[http://www.psych.ucsb.edu/people/faculty/mayer/index.php|Richard Mayer]]
-===== Bibliography =====
-[[http://www.presentationfacts.com/index.php/2005/12/04/a-cognitive-theory-of-multimedia-learning/|“A Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning » Presentation Facts.”]]
-[[http://visuallearningresearch.wiki.educ.msu.edu/file/view/Mayer,+Heiser,+%26+Lonn+%282001%29.pdf |Mayer, R. E, J. Heiser, and S. Lonn. “Cognitive constraints on multimedia learning: When presenting more material results in less understanding.” Journal of Educational Psychology 93, no. 1 (2001): 187–198.]]
-[[http://books.google.hr/books?id=ymJ9o-w_6WEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Mayer+2001&hl=hr&ei=IFMsTeWCHJH2sgantPDiBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Mayer%202001&f=false|Mayer, Richard E. Multimédia learning. Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]
-[[http://www.bookrags.com/wiki/Multimedia_learning|BookRags: Multimedia learning]]
-===== Read more =====
-Baddeley, A. D., Hitch, G. J. Working Memory. In Bower, G.A. The psychology of learning and motivation: advances in research and theory. 8. New York: Academic Press. pp. 47–89. 1974.
-Moreno, R., and Mayer, Richard E. Cognitive Principles of Multimedia Learning: The Role of Modality and Contiguity. Journal of Educational Psychology 91, no. 2: p358-368. June 1999.
-[[http://visuallearningresearch.wiki.educ.msu.edu/file/view/Mayer+%26+Sims+%281994%29.pdf/50533673/Mayer+%26+Sims+%281994%29.pdf|Mayer, R. E, and V. K Sims. “For whom is a picture worth a thousand words? Extensions of a dual-coding theory of multimedia learning.” Journal of educational psychology 86 (1994): 389–389.]]

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