cognitivism
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| - | ====== Cognitivism ====== | ||
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| - | ===== About cognitivism ===== | ||
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| - | One of the first critics of [[learning_paradigms:behaviorism|behaviorist learning theories]] approach came from [[http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/gestalt.html|gestalt psychologists]] and was related to behaviorist dependencies exclusively on overt behavior. It was the gestalt views of learning that **offered a new approach to learning** that extended beyond behaviorism and set the **basic principles of what is today known** as [[glossary#cognition|cognitive]] theories. In the 1960s behaviorism as a dominant [[learning_paradigms|learning paradigm]] was replaced by cognitivism. | ||
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| - | [[glossary#cognition|Cognitive]] approach to learning, unlike behavioral, sets the **learner as the locus of control** and not just as a passive participant. It attempts to open the "black box" of his mind and **explain complex processes** in it. Cognitivist theories emphasize the **importance of the learner**, especially **his prior knowledge and experiences** as well as **his role of an organized information processor**. | ||
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| - | ===== Learning theories: ===== | ||
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| - | * [[learning_theories:Gestalt Psychology]]([[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Wertheimer|Max Wertheimer]]) | ||
| - | * [[Social learning|Social Cognitive Learning Theory]] ([[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Bandura|Albert Bandura]]) | ||
| - | * [[Assimilation Theory]] ([[http://www.davidausubel.org/|David Ausubel]]) | ||
| - | * [[Cognitive Load Theory]] ([[http://education.arts.unsw.edu.au/staff/john-sweller-726.html|John Sweller]]) | ||
| - | * [[Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning]] ([[http://www.psych.ucsb.edu/people/faculty/mayer/index.php|Richard Mayer]]) | ||
| - | * [[Schema Theory]] ([[http://www.ppsis.cam.ac.uk/bartlett/|Sir Frederic Bartlett]]) | ||
| - | * [[learning_theories:Stage Theory of Cognitive Development]] ([[http://www.piaget.org/aboutPiaget.html|Jean Piaget]]) | ||
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| - | ===== Instructional design theories and learning models: ===== | ||
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| - | *[[Cone of Experience]] ([[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Dale|Edgar Dale]]) | ||
| - | *[[Concept Mapping]] ([[http://www.ihmc.us/groups/jnovak/|Joseph Novak]]) | ||
| - | *[[Component Display Theory]] ([[http://mdavidmerrill.com/index.htm|Dave Merrill]]) | ||
| - | *[[Elaboration Theory]] ([[http://www.indiana.edu/~syschang/decatur/bios/biographies.html|Charles Reigeluth]]) | ||
| - | *[[mental_models|Mental Model Theory Of Thinking And Reasoning]] ([[http://weblamp.princeton.edu/~psych/psychology/research/johnson_laird/index.php|Philip Johnson-Laird]]) | ||
| - | *[[scripts|Scripts Theory]] ([[http://www.rogerschank.com/|Roger Schank]]) | ||
| - | *[[structural_learning|Structural Learning Theory]] ([[http://www.scandura.com/|Joseph Scandura]]) | ||
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| - | ===== Criticism ===== | ||
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| - | Since its development during the 1960s various critics of cognitivism have emerged, challenging its assumption that **mental functions can be compared to a information processing model**. Some authors like John Searle or Roger Penrose claim that computation, **due to its inherent limitations**, can never achieve the complexity and possibilities of mental functions and therefore cannot be successfully used to describe them. **Gödel's incompleteness theorem** or **Turing's halting problem** are often held as proves for this point of view. | ||
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| - | During the 1970s **humanism evolved as an opposing view to both behaviorism and cognitivism** beginning with the **holistic approach**, belief in the power of an individual and view **learning as a way of fulfilling his potentials**. | ||
| - | ===== Bibliography ===== | ||
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| - | [[http://www.learning-theories.com/cognitivism.html|Cognitivism at Learning Theories.]] | ||
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| - | [[http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/timdev-589723-learning-theory-cognitivism/|Learning Theory Cognitivism Ppt Presentation.]] | ||
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| - | ===== Read more ===== | ||
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| - | Leidlmair, Karl. After Cognitivism: A Reassessment of Cognitive Science and Philosophy. Springer, 2009. | ||
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| - | Crane, T. Book review of "The Mind’s Provisions" by Vincent Descombes. European Journal of Philosophy 12, no. 3: p399–406. 2004. | ||
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