learning_theories:sign_learning
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| According to Tolman, learning occurs as learners **following signs** (stimuli) **to a goal**. Learning was about finding a way and **meanings instead of reproducing behaviors**. Organisms learn behavior route and relations rather than behavior patterns. There is no need for reinforcement when speaking about learning since the behavior is driven by a meaning. | According to Tolman, learning occurs as learners **following signs** (stimuli) **to a goal**. Learning was about finding a way and **meanings instead of reproducing behaviors**. Organisms learn behavior route and relations rather than behavior patterns. There is no need for reinforcement when speaking about learning since the behavior is driven by a meaning. | ||
| - | In the end Tolman, influenced by Guthrie, Freud and reinforcement theorists, concluded there are **six forms of learning**, each with its own characteristics:(([[http://fac.hsu.edu/ahmada/3%20Courses/2%20Learning/Learning%20Notes/9%20Tolman.pdf|Ahmad, Aneeq. Principles of Learning. Chapter 12: Edward C. Tolman.]] Retrieved August 24, 2011.))(([[http://books.google.hr/books?id=QTwOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA142&lpg=PA142&dq=Sign+Learning++Field+Cognition+Modes&source=bl&ots=yEGFOzBqbm&sig=bwNS5ZInKDEPBNGBw3ek0mXHp0g&hl=hr&ei=EwF1TaC8NdOzhAe_5YlO&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Sign%20Learning%20%20Field%20Cognition%20Modes&f=false|Hill, Winfred Farrington. Learning: a survey of psychological interpretations. Taylor & Francis, 1980.]])) | + | In the end Tolman, influenced by Guthrie, Freud and reinforcement theorists, concluded there are **six forms of learning**, each with its own characteristics:(([[http://fac.hsu.edu/ahmada/3%20Courses/2%20Learning/Learning%20Notes/9%20Tolman.pdf|Ahmad, Aneeq. Principles of Learning. Chapter 12: Edward C. Tolman.]] Retrieved August 24, 2011.))(([[http://books.google.com/books?id=QTwOAAAAQAAJ|Hill, Winfred Farrington. Learning: a survey of psychological interpretations. Taylor & Francis, 1980.]])) |
| * **Cathexis**((Term taken from Freud's psychoanalytic theory of motivation)) - learned tendency to **associate certain objects with certain drives**. In example, vegans tend to satisfy their hunger with non-animal products (positive cathexis), and not meat (negative cathexis). | * **Cathexis**((Term taken from Freud's psychoanalytic theory of motivation)) - learned tendency to **associate certain objects with certain drives**. In example, vegans tend to satisfy their hunger with non-animal products (positive cathexis), and not meat (negative cathexis). | ||
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| ===== Read more ===== | ===== Read more ===== | ||
| - | [[http://wexler.free.fr/library/files/tolman%20%281938%29%20the%20determiners%20of%20behavior%20at%20a%20choice-point.pdf|Tolman, E. C. The Determiners of Behavior at a Choice Point. Psychological Review, 45, 1-41. 1938.]] | + | [[http://wexler.free.fr/library/files/tolman (1938) the determiners of behavior at a choice-point.pdf|Tolman, E. C. The Determiners of Behavior at a Choice Point. Psychological Review, 45, 1-41. 1938.]] |
| - | [[http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Tolman/Maps/maps.htm|Tollman, E. Cognitive maps in rats and men. The Psychological Review, 55(4), 189-208. 1948.]] | + | [[http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Tolman/Maps/maps.htm|Tolman, E. Cognitive maps in rats and men. The Psychological Review, 55(4), 189-208. 1948.]] |
| [[http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Tolman/formula.htm|Tolman, E. A new formula for behaviorism. The Psychological Review, 29, 44-53. 1922.]] | [[http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Tolman/formula.htm|Tolman, E. A new formula for behaviorism. The Psychological Review, 29, 44-53. 1922.]] | ||
| - | [[http://wexler.free.fr/library/files/tolman%20%281935%29%20the%20organism%20and%20the%20causal%20texture%20of%20the%20environment.pdf|Tolman, E. C, & Brunswik, E. The Organism and the Causal Texture of the Environment. 1935.]] | + | [[http://wexler.free.fr/library/files/tolman (1935) the organism and the causal texture of the environment.pdf|Tolman, E. C, & Brunswik, E. The Organism and the Causal Texture of the Environment. 1935.]] |
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