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-====== Overview of Human Memory Models ======
-===== Early models and measures of memory =====
-Some of the first noted research on human memory was conducted in 1890 by **[[http://www.hcl.harvard.edu/libraries/houghton/exhibits/james/introduction.cfm|William James]]**. Based on his works, James assumed memory consists out of **two systems**:
-  * **primary memory**, which lasts for a **few seconds** and holds **in our consciousness** the perception of events in our environment, and
-  *** second memory**, which has **unlimited duration** and can be **brought to consciousness** if wanted.
-A measure for the **capacity of short-term** (primary) memory was first introduced even a bit earlier, in 1887, by **Joseph Jacobs**, who tested the span of digits his students were able to remember. Under the criterion that at least 50% of the digits need to be remembered correctly, subjects he tested mostly remembered **about 7 digits**. What he also noticed is that this result can be improved by grouping the digits (for example in groups of three), or reading aloud.
-Similar results were reported by **[[http://www.lifecircles-inc.com/Learningtheories/IP/GAMiller.html|George Miller]]** in 1956 in his famous work "The **Magical Number Seven**, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information"(([[http://cogprints.org/730/1/miller.html|Miller, G. A. The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review, 63, 81–97. 1956.]])), where he suggested human short-term capacity was determined by the number of **//chunks//** or cognitive wholes one can remember, no matter if it is a letter, digit or word. This number on average equals **seven**, and may vary usually **between five and nine**.
-This research increased interest in human memory research. **John Brown** in **1958**(([[http://step.psy.cmu.edu/articles/Brown58.doc|Brown, J. Some Tests of the Decay Theory of Immediate Memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 10, 12-21. 1958.]])) and **Lloyd and Margaret Peterson** in **1959**(([[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14432252|Peterson, L. R., & Peterson, M. J. Short-term retention of individual verbal items. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 193-198. 1959.]])) conducted research on information forgetting.
-===== Bibliography =====
-[[http://penta.ufrgs.br/edu/telelab/1/famous.htm|Famous People and Their Contributions to the Study of Memory]] Retrieved March 16, 2011.
-[[http://www.ii.metu.edu.tr/~hohenberger/Human_Memory/Lec_Notes_STM.ppt|Hohenberger, A. Short-term memory, STM. Middle East Technical University Informatics Institute. Ppt presentation.]] Retrieved March 17, 2011.

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