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-====== Cognitivism ======
-===== About cognitivism =====
-One of the first critics of [[behaviorism|behaviorist learning theories]] approach came from [[http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/gestalt.html|gestalt psychologists]] and was related to behaviorist dependencies exclusively on overt behavior. It was the gestalt views of learning that **offered a new approach to learning** that extended beyond [[behaviorism|behaviorism]] and set the **basic principles of what is today known** as [[glossary#cognition|cognitive]] theories. In the 1960s behaviorism as a dominant [[learning_paradigms|learning paradigm]] was replaced by cognitivism.
-[[glossary#cognition|Cognitive]] approach to learning, unlike behavioral, sets the **learner as the locus of control** and not just as a passive participant. It attempts to open the "black box" of his mind and **explain complex processes** in it. Cognitivist theories emphasize the **importance of the learner**, especially **his prior knowledge and experiences** as well as **his role of an organized information processor**.
-===== Learning theories: =====
-  * [[Social learning|Social Cognitive Learning Theory]] ([[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Bandura|Albert Bandura]])
-  * [[Assimilation Theory]] ([[http://www.davidausubel.org/|David  Ausbel]])
-  * [[Cognitive Load Theory]] ([[http://education.arts.unsw.edu.au/staff/john-sweller-726.html|John Sweller]])
-  * [[Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning]] ([[http://www.psych.ucsb.edu/people/faculty/mayer/index.php|Richard Meyer]])
-  * [[Schema Theory]] ([[http://www.ppsis.cam.ac.uk/bartlett/|Sir Frederic Bartlett]])
-===== Instructional design theories and learning models: =====
-  *[[Cone of Experience]] (Edgar Dale)
-  *[[Concept Mapping]] ([[http://www.ihmc.us/groups/jnovak/|Joseph Novak]])
-  *[[Component Display Theory]] ([[http://mdavidmerrill.com/index.htm|Dave Merrill]])
-  *[[Elaboration Theory]] ([[http://www.indiana.edu/~syschang/decatur/bios/biographies.html|Charles Reigeluth]])
-  *[[mental_models|Mental Model Theory Of Thinking And Reasoning]] ([[http://weblamp.princeton.edu/~psych/psychology/research/johnson_laird/index.php|Philip Johnson-Laird]])
-  *[[scripts|Scripts Theory]] ([[http://www.rogerschank.com/|Roger Schank]])
-  *[[structural_learning|Structural Learning Theory]] ([[http://www.scandura.com/|Joseph Scandura]])
-===== Critic =====
-Since its development during the 1960s various critics of cognitivism have emerged, challenging its assumption that **mental functions can be compared to a information processing model**. Some authors like John Searle  or Roger Penrose claim that computation, **due to its inherent limitations**, can never achieve the complexity and possibilities of mental functions and therefore cannot be successfully used to describe them. **Gödel's incompleteness theorem** or **Turing's halting problem** are often held as proves for this point of view.
-During the 1970s **humanism evolved as an opposing view to both behaviorism and cognitivism** beginning with the **holistic approach**, belief in the power of an individual and view **learning as a way of fulfilling his potentials**.
-===== Bibliography =====
-[[http://www.learning-theories.com/cognitivism.html|Cognitivism at Learning Theories.]]
-[[http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/timdev-589723-learning-theory-cognitivism/|Learning Theory Cognitivism Ppt Presentation.]]
-===== Read more =====
-Leidlmair, Karl. After Cognitivism: A Reassessment of Cognitive Science and Philosophy. Springer, 2009.
-Crane, T. Book review of "The Mind’s Provisions" by Vincent Descombes. European Journal of Philosophy 12, no. 3: p399–406. 2004.

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