====== e-Assessment system architecture ======

===== General =====

The evolution of the architecture of e-assessment systems is generally similar to evolution of e-learning platforms or //learning management systems//. Such systems usually provide a holistic environment for managing and delivering educational experiences including assessment of their outcomes.(([[http://www.tara.tcd.ie/bitstream/2262/27023/1/service%20orientated%20e-learning%20platforms.pdf|Dagger, D., A. O’Connor, S. Lawless, E. Walsh, and V. P Wade. Service-Oriented E-Learning Platforms: From Monolithic Systems to Flexible Services. IEEE Internet Computing 11, no. 3: 28-35, June 2007.]])) Examples of such systems are

  * //[[http://moodle.org/?lang=en|Moodle]]//,
  * //[[http://sakaiproject.org|Sakai Project]]//,
  * //[[http://whiteboard.sourceforge.net|Whiteboard]]//,
  * //[[http://www.desire2learn.com|Desire2Learn]]//,
  * //[[http://www.gradepoint.net|Gradepoint]]//,
  * //[[http://www.blackboard.com|WebCT/BlackBoard]]//.

Still, there are also a number of standalone e-assessment systems like

  * //[[http://www.tcexam.org|TCExam]]//,
  * CASEC((http://www.paaljapan.org/resources/proceedings/PAAL11/pdfs/11.pdf)), or
  * //[[http://www.questionmark.com/us/index.aspx|The Questionmark]]//.


===== Evolution of the architecture =====

Evolution of the LMS architecture(([[http://www.tara.tcd.ie/bitstream/2262/27023/1/service%20orientated%20e-learning%20platforms.pdf|Dagger, D., A. O’Connor, S. Lawless, E. Walsh, and V. P Wade. Service-Oriented E-Learning Platforms: From Monolithic Systems to Flexible Services. IEEE Internet Computing 11, no. 3: 28-35, June 2007.]])) and the evolution of the standalone e-assessment systems(([[http://www.ict-act.org/ICT-Innovations-10/papers09/ictinnovations2009_submission_109.pdf|Armenski, Goce, and Marjan Gusev. The Architecture of an ‘Ultimate’ e-Assessment System. Association for Information and Communication Technologies ICT-ACT, 2009.]])) can be described in three stages:

=== First generation ===

First generation of solutions (~ 1993-1999) for e-learning and e-assessment were monolithic black-box systems, usually oriented only on a specific course and offering very limited user-tracking. Examples of such systems were first versions of WebCT and Blackboard.(([[http://www.tara.tcd.ie/bitstream/2262/27023/1/service%20orientated%20e-learning%20platforms.pdf|Dagger, D., A. O’Connor, S. Lawless, E. Walsh, and V. P Wade. Service-Oriented E-Learning Platforms: From Monolithic Systems to Flexible Services. IEEE Internet Computing 11, no. 3: 28-35, June 2007.]]))

=== Second generation ===

Second generation of solutions (~ 1999- ) for e-learning and e-assessment like Moodle or Sakai offer more modular architectural design enabling easier integration of new functionality. Standards like [[http://www.adlnet.gov|SCROM]], [[http://www.imsglobal.org/content/packaging/|IMS Content Packaging]], and [[http://www.imsglobal.org/learningdesign/|IMS Learning Design]] were developed to support the ability to exchange courses or parts of the courses. In this type of systems, content is usually being separated from tools enabling them to be used as platforms for creating different courses and assessments.(([[http://www.tara.tcd.ie/bitstream/2262/27023/1/service%20orientated%20e-learning%20platforms.pdf|Dagger, D., A. O’Connor, S. Lawless, E. Walsh, and V. P Wade. Service-Oriented E-Learning Platforms: From Monolithic Systems to Flexible Services. IEEE Internet Computing 11, no. 3: 28-35, June 2007.]]))

=== Service-oriented architecture ===

As a common conclusion of a number of recommended LMS frameworks (including [[http://www.jisc.ac.uk/whatwedo/programmes/elearningframework.aspx|JISC e-Learning Technical Framework (ELF)]], [[http://www.imsglobal.org/af/index.html|IMS Abstract Framework]], and [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Knowledge_Initiative|Open Knowledge Initiative]]), service-based architecture is expected to be the next architectural advance of e-learning and e-assessment systems.

//Service-oriented computing// (SOC) is

  * "//an application architecture within which all functions are defined as independent **services** with well-defined invokable interfaces, which can be called in defined sequences to form business processes.//"(([[ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/info/openenvironment/G224-7298-00_Final.pdf|Channabasavaiah, K., Holley, K. and Edward M. Tuggle, Jr. Migrating to a service-oriented architecture. On demand operating environment solutions, White paper. 2004.]]))

The //services// in an SOA have the following characteristics:(([[http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.159.753|Papazoglou, Mike P, and et al. Service oriented architectures: approaches, technologies and research issues, 2007.]]))

  * they are autonomous, and external components do not know nor care how they perform their function,
  * they have well defined invokable interfaces making it irrelevant weather they are local or remote.

Some of the reasons for adopting service-oriented architecture are(([[http://www.ict-act.org/ICT-Innovations-10/papers09/ictinnovations2009_submission_109.pdf|Armenski, Goce, and Marjan Gusev. The Architecture of an ‘Ultimate’ e-Assessment System. Association for Information and Communication Technologies ICT-ACT, 2009.]])):

  * development of a "coherent diversity"((http://www.elearning.ac.uk/features/pedagandws))
  * easier collaboration between institutions,
  * avoiding of limitations using single vendor solutions,
  * easier connecting of components in custom and new ways,
  * possibility of replacing of one service with another to offer same functionality in new ways.