Invitational theory was firstly introduced by William Purkey in 19781) and describes an educational framework of learning/teaching relationships based on human value, responsibility and capabilities. The word inviting was chosen because it comes from a Latin word invitare. Translated, it means “to offer something beneficial for consideration”, but its definition implicitly involves “an ethical process involving continuous interactions among and between human beings”2).
Learning is in the context of invitational learning observed in social context, where learners should be invited by the teacher to develop their potentials.
Invitational theory is grounded in two theoretical foundations3):
and four assumptions6): trust (that one will find his own best way of accomplishing things), respect (of other people since they are able, valuable, and responsible), optimism (since people possess practically unlimited potential in all areas of human endeavor), and intentionality (to act intentionally in order to offer something beneficial to others).
This human potential should be developed through the educational process, which is characterized by the so-called five P-s. The five P-s represent environment factors which influence one's success or failure in the educational process, depending on how inviting they are. Invitation here is described by Purkey as “a summary of messages, verbal and nonverbal, formal and informal, that are sent to students with the intention of affirming for them that they are responsible, able, and valuable.”7) The five P-s are8):
| People | Places | Policies | Programs | Processes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Teachers and educational staff | Physical aspects of the school and classroom | Written and unwritten rules about procedures | Curriculum for students | How the other four P's are conducted |
Each of the five P-s can, depending on how inviting really is, formally be assigned to one of the four different categories9):
| Unintentionally | Intentionally | |
|---|---|---|
| Disinviting | People, places, policies, programs and processes driven by good intentions, but doing more harm than good. For example, obsessed with unnecessary formalities, being chauvinistic or unintentionally sending discouraging signals to the students. | People, places, policies, programs and processes focused on students' shortcomings or deliberately discriminating and making them feel less valuable. |
| Inviting | People, places, policies, programs and processes unaware of the reasons for their success or failure. This makes them look inconsistent and difficult for students to look up to them and to try to model them. | Five P's that are inviting and can and know how to adjust their invitations when necessary. “Ideally, the factors of people, places, policies, programs, and processes should be so intentionally inviting as to create a world where each individual is cordially summoned to develop physically, intellectually, and emotionally.”10) At this ideal level of practicing the invitational theory, it becomes invisible and it seems it requires hardly any effort although this is never true. This is the so-called plus factor. |
Optimally, each of the five P-s should be intentionally inviting.
In Purkey's words,
Invitational learning theory suggests that, in order to facilitate learning, students should be provided with an environment (five P-s) that is optimally inviting. Respect, trust, optimism and intentionality are elements that will ensure that and should be a part of every educational process.
But to achieve this, one must start working on himself and learn to be:
Smith, Kenneth H. Invitational Education: A Model for Teachers and Counsellors. Australian Catholic University Faculty of Education Trescowthick School of Education (Victoria).
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