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Although its roots can be tracked way back, first learning theories belong to the behaviorism as learning paradigm date back from the 1910s. The key component to this paradigm are stimulus-response (S-R) associations resulting in observable behaviors which can be measured.
Behaviorists view the mind as a “black box” and do not attempt to analyze its thought processes. They approach learning as a visible change in ones behavior which, unlike mind processes, can be measured. Behaviorism assumes that the learner starts off as a clear state and simply responds to environmental stimuli. Those responses can be shaped through positive and negative reinforcement increasing or decreasing the probability of repeating the same behavior.
This learning paradigm can roughly be divided in two phases: behaviorism (1910-1930) and neobehaviorism (1930-1955). Neobehaviorism outgrew classical behaviorism by attempts to formalize the laws of behavior (sometimes in forms of mathematical equations) and beliefs that learning can also occur indirectly through observing. Neobehaviorists are sometimes considered a transitional group that shifted dominant learning perspective toward cognitivism.
Among below listed learning theories within behaviorist framework, connectionism presents an introduction to behaviorist learning and setting its frames followed by true behaviorist learning perspectives of classical and operand conditioning.
Sign learning appeared as first neobehaviorist theory, followed by drive reduction theory, which also incorporated idea of describing learning with intervening variables. Neobehaviorist started the transition to cognitivism and finally rejection of behaviorism as dominant learning paradigm.
Behaviorism today mostly lost its influence and let cognitivism take its place as the dominant learning paradigm. Critics of behaviorist learning usually argue that behaviorism:
Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy: Behaviorism.
Classical Conditioning - Introduction to Classical Conditioning.
Turner, M. B. Philosophy and the science of behavior. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1967.
Skinner, B. F. About Behaviorism. Paw Prints, 2008.
Baum, William M. Understanding behaviorism: science, behavior, and culture. Wiley-Blackwell, 1994.